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Given below are two statements :  Statement I : The formal fallacies of Aristotle are based on the violations of the formal structure of the whole syllogism.  Statement II : Fallacies given by the Naiya̅yikas rest on the violations of the formal conditions of the valid middle term or reason.  In the light of the above statement, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below : 

Given below are two statements :  Statement I : The formal fallacies of Aristotle are based on the violations of the formal structure of the whole syllogism.  Statement II : Fallacies given by the Naiya̅yikas rest on the violations of the formal conditions of the valid middle term or reason.  In the light of the above statement, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :  Correct Answer Both Statement I and Statement II are correct 

If the conclusion does not accept the logical rules it is referred to as a fallacy. 

Key Points Statement I: The formal fallacies of Aristotle are based on the violations of the formal structure of the whole syllogism. 

  • Logical rules contain further rules that must be followed or else an error will arise which is referred to as a fallacy.
  • Fallacies in Aristotelian logic after violation of some rules and regulations in the structure of the whole syllogism. 
  • Some of the rules are mentioned below related to Aristotelian logic:  
    • In a syllogism, there must be exactly three terms, all of which are employed in the same way and context.
    • The argument is invalid unless the middle word is dispersed at least once in the premises.
    • A noun or a noun clause should be used as the subject and predicate terms.
    • If a term is distributed in the conclusion, it must be spread in the premise as well or else the argument will be invalid.
  • In this case, if the Syllogism violated the formal structure then the fallacy is committed. 

So, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: Fallacies given by the Naiya̅yikas rest on the violations of the formal conditions of the valid middle term or reason.

  • The anumana defines the Nyaya inference fallacy, which states that the whole conclusion can be reached.
  • These forms of anumana have specific rules, and if they are not followed, the syllogism is said to as a fallacy.
  • Hetvabhasa is the error of Nyaya inference which means a word that literally means hetu or reason. 
  • However, the reason is described in terms of 'invalid reason' in the errors of inference.

Thus, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct 

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