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Given below are two statements : Statement I:- The fallacy of contradictory middle (viruddha) occurs in an argument when the middle term is found both where the major is found and where it is not found. Statement II :- The fallacy of contradictory middle (viruddha) is committed in an argument when the middle term is found only where major term is absent. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements : Statement I:- The fallacy of contradictory middle (viruddha) occurs in an argument when the middle term is found both where the major is found and where it is not found. Statement II :- The fallacy of contradictory middle (viruddha) is committed in an argument when the middle term is found only where major term is absent. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: Correct Answer Statement I is false but Statement II is true

the correct answer is Statement I is false but Statement II is true

  • There are five characteristics of a middle term
    • It must be present in the minor term (paksadharmata); e.g., smoke must be present in the hill.
    • It must be present in all positive instances in which the major terms is present; e.g., smoke must be present in the kitchen where fire exists.(sapaksasattva).
    • It must be absent in all negative instances in which the major terms is absent; e.g., smoke must be absent in the lake in which fire does not exist.(vipaksasattva).
    •  It must be non-incompatible with the minor term; e.g., it must not prove the coolness of fire (abadhita).
    • It must be qualified by the absence of counteracting reasons which lead to a contradictory conclusion; e.g., ‘the fact of being caused’ should not be used to prove the ‘eternality’ of sound (aviruddha)

 Key Points

Statement I: The fallacy of contradictory middle (viruddha) occurs in an argument when the middle term is found both where the major is found and where it is not found

  • Viruddha Fallacy:
    • According to Jain school, contradictory (Viruddha) hetvabhasa is a concomitance with the opposite of the major term.
    • It proves not the existence but the non-existence of the major in the minor.
    • For instance, the sound is not perishable because it is caused.
    •  In this statement the hetu caused is not concomitantly related with not perishability but to its opposite.
    • Therefore it is viruddha hetvabhasa.

Hence statement I is false

Statement II: The fallacy of contradictory middle (viruddha) is committed in an argument when the middle term is found only where the major term is absent.

  • Viruddha Fallacy:
    • It is the contradictory middle
    • The middle term, instead of being pervaded by the presence of the major term is pervaded by the absence of the major term.
    • Instead of proving the existence of the major term in the minor term, it proves its non-existence therein;
    • e.g., ‘sound is eternal because it is produced’.
    • Here ‘Produced’, instead of proving the eternity of sound, proves its non-eternity.
    • Here it is not an inferential fallacy instead it is fallacy of self-contradiction. 

Hence statement II is correct

thus we conclude that Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Related Questions

Given below are two statements: Statement I: “Every thinkable is nameable. because it is thinkable”. This is a fallacious argument because there can be no inference where the minor and the middle terms are the same. Statement II: The fallacy committed in this statement is called the extra-ordinary (asa̅dha̅rana) because the middle term does not belong to anything other than the present minor term. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
All mortals are men. Socrates is mortal Therefore Socrates is a man. Which of the following statements are true of the above argument? (A) Above arguments is sound. (B) Above argument is valid. (C) Above argument is fallacious. (D) Above argument commits the fallacy of undistributed middle. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
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Given below are two statements: Statement I: Keval vyatireki from of inference is that when the middle term is the differentium of the minor term. Statement II: Kevalanvayi form of inference is that when the middle term is both positively and negatively related to the major term. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Given below are two statements: One is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R): Assertion (A): - The argument "Everything is nameable because it is knowledgeable" is fallacious. Reasons (R):- There is nothing that is not nameable and I cannot find a place where, because of the absence of the major term, the middle term is also absent. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Identify the characteristics of the 'middle term' from the following: a) It must be present in the minor term b) It must be present in all positive instances in which the major term is present c) It is the logical statement which is to be proved d) It must be absent in all negative instances in which major term is absent e) It is drawn from the preceding propositions Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
"All people who live in Varanasi are people who drink tea, and all people who drink tea are people who like it. We may conclude, then, that all people who live in Varanasi are people who like it. What is wrong with this argument? (A) There is equivocation on the term "People who like it." (B) It commits existential fallacy  (C) It commits fallacy of exclusive premises.  (D) It commits fallacy of four terms.  Choose the correct answer from the options given below : 
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The human eye is a complex part of the body that is used for seeing. Eyes enable people to perform daily tasks and to learn about the world that surrounds them. Sight, or vision, is a rapidly occurring process that involves continuous interaction between the eye, the nervous system, and the brain. When someone looks at an object, what he really sees is the light reflected from the object. This reflected light passes through the lens and falls on the retina of the eye. Here the light induces nerve impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain and then over other nerves to muscles and glands.
The eye is similar to a television camera. Both the eye and the television camera convert light energy to electrical energy. The eye converts light to nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain as the sense perception called sight. A television camera converts light to electronic signals that are broadcast and transformed into light images in a television receiver. It is wonderful that human eyes blink an average of once every six seconds. This washes the eye with the salty secretion from the tear or lachrymal glands. Each tear gland is about the size and shape of an almond. These glands are situated behind the upper eyelid at the outer corner of the eye. After passing over the eye, the liquid from the gland is drained into the nose through the tear duct at the inner corner of the eye. The sense perception that the brain releases after the eye converts light to nerve impulses is known as