According to Koeppen's Scheme of Climate Classification, humid conditions are characterized by which of the given options? I. A - Tropical II. B - Dry Climate III. C - Warm Temperate IV. D - Cold Snow Forest Climate V. E - Cold Climate VI. H - High land

According to Koeppen's Scheme of Climate Classification, humid conditions are characterized by which of the given options? I. A - Tropical II. B - Dry Climate III. C - Warm Temperate IV. D - Cold Snow Forest Climate V. E - Cold Climate VI. H - High land Correct Answer I, III, IV and V

The correct answer is I, III, IV and V.

• According to Koeppen's Scheme of Climate Classification, humid conditions are characterized by Tropical, Warm Temperate, Cold Snow Forest Climate, and Cold Climate. 

Additional Information

• The Koppen Climate Classification System was developed by the German - Russian Botanist - Climatologist Wladimir Koppen in 1884.
• The Koppen Climate Classification System is the most widely used system for classifying the world's climates.
• Its categories are based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation.
• The Köppen system recognizes five major climatic types; each type is designated by a capital letter.
  1. A - Tropical Moist Climates: all months have average temperatures above 18° Celsius.
  2. B - Dry Climates: with deficient precipitation during most of the year.
  3. C - Moist Mid-latitude Climates with Mild Winters.
  4. D - Moist Mid-Latitude Climates with Cold Winters.
  5. E - Polar Climates: with extremely cold winters and summers. 

Important Points

Tropical Moist Climates (A)

• Tropical moist climates extend northward and southward from the equator to about 15 to 25° of latitude.
• In these climates, all months have average temperatures greater than 18° Celsius.
• Annual precipitation is greater than 1500 mm.
• Three minor Köppen climate types exist in the A group, and their designation is based on the seasonal distribution of rainfall.
  • Af or tropical wet is a tropical climate where precipitation occurs all year long.
  • Monthly temperature variations in this climate are less than 3° Celsius.
  • Because of intense surface heating and high humidity, cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds form early in the afternoons almost every day.
  • Daily highs are about 32° Celsius, while nighttime temperatures average 22° Celsius.
  • Am is a tropical monsoon climate. Annual rainfall is equal to or greater than Af, but most of the precipitation falls in the 7 to 9 hottest months.
  • During the dry season, very little rainfall occurs.
  • The tropical wet and dry or savanna (Aw) has an extended dry season during winter.
  • Precipitation during the wet season is usually less than 1000 mm, and only during the summer season. 

Dry Climates (B)

• The most obvious climatic feature of this climate is that potential evaporation and transpiration exceed precipitation.
• These climates extend from 20 - 35° North and South of the equator and in large continental regions of the mid-latitudes often surrounded by mountains.
• Minor types of this climate include:
  • BW - dry arid (desert) is a true desert climate. It covers 12% of the Earth's land surface and is dominated by xerophytic vegetation.
  • The additional letters h and k are used generally to distinguish whether the dry arid climate is found in the subtropics or in the mid-latitudes, respectively.
  • BS - dry semiarid (steppe). Is a grassland climate that covers 14% of the Earth's land surface.
  • It receives more precipitation than the BW either from the intertropical convergence zone or from mid-latitude cyclones. Once again, the additional letters h and k are used generally to distinguish whether the dry semiarid climate is found in the subtropics or in the mid-latitudes, respectively.

Moist Subtropical Mid-Latitude Climates (C)

• This climate generally has warm and humid summers with mild winters.
• Its extent is from 30 to 50° of latitude mainly on the eastern and western borders of most continents.
• During the winter, the main weather feature is the mid-latitude cyclone. Convective thunderstorms dominate the summer months.
• Three minor types exist Cfa - humid subtropical; Cs - Mediterranean; and Cfb - marine.
  • The humid subtropical climate (Cfa) has hot muggy summers and frequent thunderstorms.
  • Winters are mild and precipitation during this season comes from mid-latitude cyclones.
  • A good example of a Cfa climate is the southeastern USA.
  • Cfb marine climates are found on the western coasts of continents.
  • They have a humid climate with short dry summer. Heavy precipitation occurs during the mild winters because of the continuous presence of mid-latitude cyclones.
  • Mediterranean climates (Cs) receive rain primarily during the winter season from the mid-latitude cyclone.
  • Extreme summer aridity is caused by the sinking air of the subtropical highs and may exist for up to 5 months.
  • Locations in North America are from Portland, Oregon to all of California. 

Moist Continental Mid-latitude Climates (D)

• Moist continental mid-latitude climates have warm to cool summers and cold winters.
• The location of these climates is poleward of the C climates.
• The average temperature of the warmest month is greater than 10° Celsius, while the coldest month is less than -3° Celsius.
• Winters are severe with snowstorms, strong winds, and bitter cold from Continental Polar or Arctic air masses.
• Like the C climates there are three minor types: Dw - dry winters; Ds - dry summers; and Df - wet all seasons.

Polar Climates (E)

• Polar climates have year-round cold temperatures with the warmest month less than 10° Celsius.
• Polar climates are found on the northern coastal areas of North America, Europe, Asia, and on the landmasses of Greenland and Antarctica.
• Two minor climate types exist.
  • ET or polar tundra is a climate where the soil is permanently frozen to depths of hundreds of meters, a condition known as permafrost. Vegetation is dominated by mosses, lichens, dwarf trees, and scattered woody shrubs.
  • EF or polar ice caps have a surface that is permanently covered with snow and ice.

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