Which of the following is a micro-level intervention aimed at improving the teaching-learning of science in middle schools initiated during the late 1970s. ?

Option 1 : Hoshangabad Science Teaching Program [HSTP]

Hoshangabad Science Teaching Program (HSTP) was an initiative to improve science teaching and learning at school levels and develop innovative and interactive ways of school science teaching. 

• The program was started in 1972 in 16 middle schools spread over two blocks in Hoshangabad district, with the approval from the State government of Madhya Pradesh, it was initiated by two voluntary organizations Kishore Bharti and Friends’ Rural Centre, confined to teaching science to schools students of grade 6 to 8.
• The program received support from the All India Science Teacher’s Association (AISTA) Physics Study Group and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bombay.
• They had conducted pioneering trials in introducing the discovery approach to the learning of physics in a few Public and Municipal schools.
• HSTP thus was introduced in village schools to investigate whether it would be feasible to introduce ‘learning science through experiment and observation’ in place of the traditional textbook-centered ‘learning by rote ‘ methodology. In course of time, the concept of environment-based education was included as an integral part of science teaching.

• DPEP	The centrally—sponsored scheme of the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched in 1994 as a major initiative to revitalize the primary education system and to achieve the objective of universalization of primary education
  Lok Jumbish	Lok Jumbish (LJ), or the people's movement, was initiated in 1989 to ensure education for all in Rajasthan by the year 2000
  Atal Tinkering Lab	The objective of this scheme is to foster curiosity, creativity, and imagination in young minds; and inculcate skills such as design mindset, computational thinking, adaptive learning, physical computing, etc.