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According to Naiya̅yikas we ascertain the relation of universal concomitance between x and y :  (A) We can determine the relation only if we can determine the relation of essential identity between x and y   (B) By perceiving that in all cases the presence of x is accompanied by the presence of y  (C) We can determine the relation only if we can determine the relation of cause and effect between x and y  (D) By not perceiving any instance where the presence of x is not accompanied by the presence of y or vice-versa.  Choose the correct answer from the options given below : 

According to Naiya̅yikas we ascertain the relation of universal concomitance between x and y :  (A) We can determine the relation only if we can determine the relation of essential identity between x and y   (B) By perceiving that in all cases the presence of x is accompanied by the presence of y  (C) We can determine the relation only if we can determine the relation of cause and effect between x and y  (D) By not perceiving any instance where the presence of x is not accompanied by the presence of y or vice-versa.  Choose the correct answer from the options given below :  Correct Answer (B) and (D) only

Vyapti is an invariable, unconditional, and universal relationship between an inferential argument's middle word and major term.

Key Points

  • Knowledge of an object is gained from prior knowledge of a sign or mark in an inference.
  • The past knowledge is due to the minor word containing the universal relation between the major and middle terms.
  • The inference is based on the unconditional universal concomitance between the middle term and the major term.  
  • the middle term indicates the existence of the major term and is found in the minor term or "paksa,". 
  • The main and minor premises must both be true for the inference to be valid;
  • Naiya̅yikas school on the question of How is Vyapti-universal concomitance between the mark and the inferred property?
  • They assert that by perceiving that in all cases the presence of x is accompanied by the presence of y and not perceiving any instance to the contrary. 

Therefore, (B) and (D) are correct statements. 

Additional Information

  • On the subject of inference, the Naiya̅yikas school considers knowledge of vyapti to be the cause of successful inference.
  • Internal perception does not allow for the perception of all instances of the middle and major terms, nor does it allow for the knowledge of vyapti.

Related Questions

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