Bissoy.com
Doctors Medicines MCQs Q&A

List I mentions the four valid means of knowledge as given by gotama while List II gives their description. Match List-I with List-II: List – I (Valid means of knowledge) List – II (Description) (A) Perception (I) Cognition which presupposes some other cognition (B) Inference (II) Knowledge of the relation between a word and its denotation (C) Comparison (III) Statement of a trustworthy person and consists in understanding its meaning (D) Verbal testimony (IV) Non-erroneous cognition produced by the interaction of sense organs with the objects Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

List I mentions the four valid means of knowledge as given by gotama while List II gives their description. Match List-I with List-II: List – I (Valid means of knowledge) List – II (Description) (A) Perception (I) Cognition which presupposes some other cognition (B) Inference (II) Knowledge of the relation between a word and its denotation (C) Comparison (III) Statement of a trustworthy person and consists in understanding its meaning (D) Verbal testimony (IV) Non-erroneous cognition produced by the interaction of sense organs with the objects Choose the correct answer from the options given below: Correct Answer (A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III)

Prama is valid knowledge. Knowledge can be valid or invalid, valid knowledge is called prama and non-valid knowledge is known as aprama. Pramana is valid means of knowledge and its important four means include perception (pratyaksa), inference (anumana), verbal testimony (sabda), and comparison (upamana). 

Valid Means Of Knowledge Description
Perception
  • Living beings see, hear, smell, taste, and feel. Through these, they come to know about the objects of the world. This is called Pratyaksa (Perception).
  • If the object is not subtle, distant, very near, in darkness, or covered; or unless our eyes are defective, we can all see the thing clearly and know it.
  • It is non-erroneous cognition produced by the interaction of sense organs with the objects.
Inference
  • There is smoke on the yonder hill. There must be fire over there. We have seen on countless occasions that where there is smoke there is fire. So we infer that there is fire on the hill. This is inference. 
  • It is cognition that presupposes some other cognition. 
  • The term anumana (inference) literally means after knowledge i.e., the knowledge that follows other knowledge.
Comparison
  • ‘Have you seen Mars?’ ‘No, I haven’t.’ ‘Have you not seen the pictures of Mars either?’ ‘No, I haven’t. And I do not know what Mars is. What is Mars and how does it look like?’ ‘Ah! You know nothing then? Mars is a planet. It is like our earth.’ ‘Like the earth. Ah! I understand.’ This is knowing by visible examples.
  • It is the knowledge that is derived from upamana (comparison).
  • It is defined as the knowledge between the relation of a word and its meaning or denotation.
  • It is also known as knowledge via analogy.
Verbal Testimony
  • Regarding supernatural and divine things, there is only one source of knowledge – the words of the sages. Their words are compiled in the Vedas. The Vedas are infallible. But even here we need the senses to either read or listen to the Vedas.
  • Testimony consists of words (sabda). So far as words are heard through our ears, they are perceived. Knowledge of words is, therefore, knowledge through perception and is quite valid. 
  • It is defined as a statement of a trustworthy person and consists in understanding its meaning.

Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

Related Questions

Match List I with List II List I List II  A.  SāmānyalakṣaṇaPratyakṣa  I.  Intuitive perception   of all objects- past,   distant and future   due to supernormal   powers generated   by meditation  B.  JñānaLakṣana Pratyakṣa  II.  When objects are   not actually present   to sense but are   conveyed to it   through a special   medium  C.  YogajPratyakṣa  III.  Perception of an   object which is in   contact with sense   through previous   knowledge of itself  D.  AlaukikaPratyakṣa  IV.  The perception of a   whole class of   objects through a   generic property Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
In the two set given below, Set I mentions some of the evolutes of Prakarti white Set II indicates their nature and function in term of Sankhya philosophy. Match the two sets List I (Evolution of Prakiti) List II (Nature and function) 1. Mahat, the great (i) Are neither the qualities nor the differentia of gross elements nor the function. 2. Ego (Ahankar) (ii) It is cosmic in nature and functions as a psychological aspect of knowing. 3. Mind (Manas) (iii) It is the principle of individuation and its function is to generate self-sense. 4. Subtle essences (Tanmtras) (iv) It is the subtle and central sense organ which synthesizes sense data into determinate perception.   Select correct answer from the following options.
In the two lists given below, List I offers the description of 'Koshas' as a part of our personality and List II mentions their names. Match the two and choose the correct answer from the code given below. List I (Description of Kosha) List II (Name of Kosha) a) It is made up of the food we eat i) Anandamaya Kosha b) It comprises the reflexes and the organs - the nervous system of receptors and effectors ii) Manomaya Kosha c) It is that where cravings, desires and purposes reside iii) Pranamaya Kosha d) It is the repository of individual intelligence necessary for one's individual existence iv) Annamaya Kosha e) It is the representative of the Atman seated in the individual body v) Vigyanmaya Kosha     vi) The Individual Self
Which of the following conditions are necessary for Anumana (inference) according to Classical Indian Logic ? A. Cognition of the hetu (middle term) in the paksa or minor term. B. The relation of invariable concomitance between the middle and the major term. C. Cognition of the major term in the minor term. D. Cognition of minor term only. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
The human eye is a complex part of the body that is used for seeing. Eyes enable people to perform daily tasks and to learn about the world that surrounds them. Sight, or vision, is a rapidly occurring process that involves continuous interaction between the eye, the nervous system, and the brain. When someone looks at an object, what he really sees is the light reflected from the object. This reflected light passes through the lens and falls on the retina of the eye. Here the light induces nerve impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain and then over other nerves to muscles and glands.
The eye is similar to a television camera. Both the eye and the television camera convert light energy to electrical energy. The eye converts light to nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain as the sense perception called sight. A television camera converts light to electronic signals that are broadcast and transformed into light images in a television receiver. It is wonderful that human eyes blink an average of once every six seconds. This washes the eye with the salty secretion from the tear or lachrymal glands. Each tear gland is about the size and shape of an almond. These glands are situated behind the upper eyelid at the outer corner of the eye. After passing over the eye, the liquid from the gland is drained into the nose through the tear duct at the inner corner of the eye. The sense perception that the brain releases after the eye converts light to nerve impulses is known as
Match List I with List II. List I List II Elements of Communication Characteristic feature (A) Source (I) Means used to convey the message (B) Receiver (II) Set of verbal and nonverbal cues from a source (C) Message (III) A person who interprets the message (D) Channel (IV) A person or an event which provides verbal / non verbal cues. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Given below are two statements :  Statement I : According to Classical Indian Logic the fallacies (hetva̅bhasa) are not errors of inference, but rather hindrances to inference.  Statement II : A fallacy is really a "seeming reason or mark" (hetva̅bhasa), which, if recognized, would prevent the inferential cognition from arising.  In the light of the above statements, Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
In this question one statement is given followed by two conclusions I and II. You have to consider the statement to be true, even if it seems to be at variance from commonly known facts. You are to decide which of the given conclusions can definitely be drawn from the given statement. Indicate your answer. Statement: A physician who fails to enter the body of a patient with the lamp of knowledge and understanding can never treat diseases. Conclusion I: A physician with knowledge and understanding may be able to cure the patient. Conclusion II: A physician entering the patient’s body with the lamp of knowledge and understanding can always cure him.
The question given below consists of a statement, followed by three arguments numbered I, II and III. You have to decide which of the arguments is/are ‘strong’ arguments and which is/are ‘weak’ arguments and accordingly choose your answer from the alternatives given below each question. Statement: A shortage of bank branches and ATMs across India’s hinterland is holding back Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s financial inclusion efforts and risks angering rural voters ahead of elections next year. After taking office in 2014, Modi set an ambitious target to open a bank account for every household to ensure welfare funds flow directly to India’s poor, while improving access to credit and insurance programs. He pushed policies that helped bring 310 million people into the formal banking system in just four years, according to the World Bank. Based on the arguments stated below and he information stated above, which of the following arguments state the reason for the problem, ‘But many of India’s villages still lack bank branches or ATMs to help service new customers, while the pace of building new financial infrastructure has actually slowed’.  Arguments: I. Because Modi’s government effectively forced poor citizens into the banking system by linking some welfare benefits to bank accounts, villagers have ended up stuck in long queues and struggling with ATMs that often run out of cash or break down.  II. With an election due next year, the mismatch between the government’s policies and the rural banking system is generating frustration among a key slice of India’s electorate. III. The banking system struggled to keep up, while some gains proved temporary. Nearly half of Indian bank accounts were inactive in 2017, meaning they weren’t used at all in the previous 12 months
Match the following two lists in which List I highlights the description of the Purpose Related to Specific Guidance Service and List II indicates Types of Guidance Service. Choose the correct answer using the code given below.   List I   List II (a) Determines the pace of progress of former pupils on the basis of their contextual placement (i) Follow-up Service (b) Description of aspects related to a particular job for matching the individuals with the job characteristics (ii) Placement Service (c) Liking of a particular job by a person which is visible through gestures etc. while going to the work place (iii) Job Analysis (d) Aims at providing assistance to students in deciding educational and vocational stream (iv) Job Satisfaction     (v) Counselling     (vi)  Occupational Information Service