Transformation কত প্রকার ও কি কি?

Transformation of Sentence এর নিয়ম 1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার । 2.Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রকার । 3.Voice Change ২ প্রকার । 4.Degree ৩ প্রকার । 1. Sentence অর্থ অনুসারে ৫ প্রকার । Affirmative to Negative: Rule 1: Only/ alone/ merely → স্থানে→ None but(ব্যক্তি)/ nothing but(বস্তু)/ not more than or not less than(সংখা) Ex: Aff: Only Allah can help us. Neg: None but Allah can help us. Aff: He has only a ball. Neg: He has nothing but a ball. Aff: He has only ten taka. Neg: He has not more than ten taka. Rule 2: Must/Have to /Has to → স্থানে → Cannot but+মূল verb/ Cannot help+ (v+ing). Ex: Aff: We must obey our parents. Neg: we cannot but obey our parents/ we cannot help obeying our parents. Rule 3: Both----and → স্থানে → not only ---- but also. Ex: Aff: Both Dolon and Dola were excited. Neg: Not only dolon but also Dola were excited Rule 4: and (যদি দুটি শব্দ যোগ করে) →স্থানে → Not only ----- but also. Ex: aff: He was obedient and gentle. Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle. Rule 5: Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → স্থানে → There is no + attached word + but. Ex: Aff: Every mother loves her child. Neg: There is no mother but loves her child. Rule 6: As soon as → স্থানে → No sooner had ----- Than. Ex: Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away. Neg: No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away. Rule 7: The Superlative degree → স্থানে → No other+ attached word+verb+so/as+ positive form+ as+subject. Ex: aff: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh. Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh. Rule8: প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে। By Not. Ex: Aff: I shall remember you. Neg: I shall not forget you. Rule 9: Always → স্থানে → Never প্রতিশব্দ বিপরীত শব্দ হবে। Ex: aff: Raven always attends the class. Neg: Raven never misses the class. Rule 10: Too ---- to → স্থানে → so ---that+Present হলে can not/ Pastহলেcould not. Ex: Aff: He is too weak to walk. Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk. Rule 11: As – as → স্থানে → Not less – than. Ex: Aff: Simi was as wise as Rimi. Neg: Simi was not less wise than Rimi. Rule 12: Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative. Ex: Aff: The Sun sets in the west. Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west. Rule 13: Sometimes স্থানে → Not + always. Ex: Aff: Raven sometimes visits me. Neg: Raven doesn’t always visit me. Rule 14: Many → স্থানে → Not a few. Ex: Aff: I have many friends. Neg: I donot have few friends. Rule 15: A few → স্থানে → not many. Ex: Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars. Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars. Rule 16: Much → স্থানে → A little. Ex: Aff: He belongs much money. Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money. Rule 17: A little → স্থানে → not much. Ex: Aff: Dolon has a little riches. Neg: Dolon doesn’t have much riches. Assertive to Interrogative: ** Present Form=Don't ? ** Past Form=Didn't ? ** Verb+s/es=Doesn't ? ** Auxiluary Verb= Auxiluary Verb+n't? ** Every/Some/All/Body=Who ? Rule 1: যদি sentence টি affirmative হয় তাহলে negative interrogative করতে হবে.আর যদি negative হয় affermative interrogative করতে হবে। Ex: Ass: He was very gentle. Int: was n’t he very gentle? Aff: He is not a good person. Int: Is he a good person? Rule 2: যদি auxiliary verb না থাকে → Present form হলে Do/ Don’t Past form হলে Did/Didn’t. Verb+s,es হলে Does/Doesn’t Ex: Ass:He plays Football. Int: Doesn't he play football? Ass: They did not play football yesterday. Int: Did they play football yesterday? Rule3: Never → স্থানে → Ever. Ass: I never drink tea. Int: Do I ever drink tea? Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → স্থানে → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t Ex: Everybody wishes to be happy. Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy? Rule 5: Every + noun → স্থানে → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/ didn’t. Ex: Ass: Every man wishes to be happy. Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy? Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → স্থানে → Who. Ex: Nobody could count my love for you. Int: Who could ever count my love for you? Rule 7 : There is no → স্থানে → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing). Ex: Ass: There is no use of this law. Int: What is the use of this law? Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil. Int: Who is Happier than jamil? Rule 8: It Is no → স্থানে → Is there any/Why. Ex: Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam. Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or, Is there any use of this law? Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → স্থানে → what though/ Does it matter. Ex: Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam. Int: What though if you fail in the exam? Exclamatory sentence to Assertive sentence: Rule 1: what a/an → স্থানে → a very(before adjective)/ a great(before noun) Ex: What a beautiful scenery! Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery. Ex: What a pity! Ass: It is a great pity. Rule2: How → স্থানে → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun) Ex: How fortunate you are! Ass: You are very fortunate. Exc: What a fool you are! Ass: You are a great fool. Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → স্থানে → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that. Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game. Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game. Rule 4: Alas → স্থানে → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that. Ex: Alas! He has failed. Ass: We mourn that he has failed. Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → স্থানে → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part. Ex: Had I the wings of a bird! Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird. Ex: Were I a bird! Ass: I wish I were a bird. Ex: If I were young again! Ass: I wish I were young again. Ex: would that I could be a child! Ass: I wish I could be a child. Imperative to Assertive: Rule 1: subject + should+verb. Ex: Do the work. Ass: you should do the work. Rule 2: Please/kindly → স্থানে→ you are requested to+verb. Ex: Please, help me. Ass: You are requested to help me. Rule 3: Do not → স্থানে → You should not. Ex: Do not run in the sun. Ass: you should not run in the sun. Rule 4: Never → স্থানে → you should never. Ex: Never tell a lie. Ass: You should never tell a lie. Rule 5: Let us → স্থানে → We should. Ex: Let us go out for a walk. Ass: We should go out for a walk. Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → স্থানে → Subject + might. Ex: Let him play football. Ass: He might play football. 2. Sentence গঠন অনুসারে ৩ প্রাকার। Simple-Compund- Complex Rule 1: Simple=Verb+ing Compund=and Complex=when/as/since Example: Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result. Compund:The boy worked hard and he made a good result. Complex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result. Rule 2: Simple=In spite of possessive+v+ing Compund=But Complex=Though/Although Example: Simple: In spite of his trying hard and soul he could not succeed in life. Compund: He tried hard and soul but he could not succeed in life. Complex: Though he tried hard and soul, he could not succeed in life. Rule 3: Simple=By+ing Compund=Imperative sentence+and Complex=If Clause positive Example: Simple: By working hard, you will success in life. Compund:Work hard and you will success in life. Complex: If you work hard, you will success in life. Rule 4: Simple=Without+ing Imperative sentence+or Complex=If Clause negative Example: Simple: Without working hard, you will not success in life. Compund:Work hard or you will not success in life. Complex:Unless you work hard, you will not success in life. Rule 5: Simple=Principal clause +Too-to+verb Compund=very/much...and Complex=So...That Example Simple: The boy is too foolish to understand it. Compund:The boy is very foolish that he cannot understand it. Complex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it. Rule 6: Simple=Principal clause +to+verb Compund=and Complex=So that/In order that Example: Simple: He works hard to prosper in life. Compund:He works hard and he may prosper in life. Complex: He works hard so that he may prosper in life. Rule 7: Simple=Principal clause +adjective+Noun Compund=and Complex=Relative Pronoun(Who,Whi ch,That) Example: Simple: I know the poor man Compund:I know the man and he is poor Complex: I know the man who is poor. Compound to Complex: Rule-1. And যুক্ত Compound Sentence-এর একটি Clause যদি অপরটির কারন বা সময় নির্দেশ করে, তবে উক্ত Compound Sentence টিকে Complex করার নিয়মঃ Structure: Since/as/when + 1st sentence + and পরিবর্তে (,) + 2nd sentence. Compound: He came to me and I felt tired. Complex: When he came to me, I felt tired. Rule-2. But যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ Structure: Although/though + 1st sentence + but এর পরিবর্তে (,) + বাকি sentence. Compound: The boy tried hard but could not win the match. Complex: Though the boy tried hard hard, he could not win the match. Rule-3. Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়মঃ Structure: If + Sub + do not + 1st Clause + or এর পরিবর্তে (,) + sub + will + or এর পরবর্তী অংশ। Compound: Do or die. Complex: If you do not do, you will die. Rule-4. And দ্বারা যুক্ত cause and effect নির্দেশক compound sentence কে so…. that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয়। Compound: Farhan works very hard and he can shine in life. Complex: Farhan works so hard that he can shine in life. Rule-5. And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশমুলক compound sentence কে so that দ্বারা complex sentence করা হয় । Compound: We take balance diet and we can keep good health. Complex: We take balance diet so that we can keep good health. Simple to Compound: Rule-1. Present Participle যুক্ত Simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেত্রে - Structure: 1st sub + main verb + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + (,) এর স্থলে and + sub এর পরের অংশ। Simple: Finishing the work, we went to the playground. Compound: We finished the work and went to the playground. Rule-2. Being যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound করার ক্ষেত্রে Structure: Sub + Beingএর বাকি অংশ যে tense এর থাকে সেই tense ও person অনুযায়ী to be verb বসে + being এর পরের অংশ + কমা উঠে and + sub বাদে এর পরের অংশ। Simple: Being father, he can not neglect his son. Compound: He is father and can not neglect his son. Rule-3. Having যুক্ত বা perfect participle যুক্ত simple sentence কে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ Structure: Sub + Tense অনুযায়ী verb ‘to have’ + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + and + sub এর পরের অংশ । Simple: Having written the letter, I posted it. Compound: I had written the letter and it. Rule-4. In spite of/Despite যুক্ত simple sentence কে but দ্বারা compound করতে হয়। Simple: In spite of his dishonesty, he was rewarded. Compound: He was dishonest but rewarded. Rule-5. Without + Gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence যদি শর্ত বুঝাই, তবে ‘or’ যুক্ত করে compound করতে হয়। Structure: Without উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমা এর স্থলে or + কমা এর পরের অংশ। Simple: Without going, you will die. Compound: Go or you will die. Rule-6. By Gerund যুক্ত simple sentence কে and যোগ করে compound করতে হয়। Structure: By উঠে গিয়ে ing যুক্ত verb এর present form বসবে + কমার পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা স্থলে and + কমার পরের অংশ। Simple: By wasting your time, you can spoil your life. Compound: Waste your time and you can spoil your life. Rule-7. Too….to যুক্ত Simple Sentence Compound করার নিয়মঃ Structure: Sub + ‘to be’ verb + too এর পরিবর্তে very + Adjective + and + can not/could not + to বাদে পরের অংশ। Simple: He is too dull to understand it. Compound: He is very dull and can not understand it. Complex to Compound: Rule-1. Since, as, when ইত্যাদি conjunction যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় since/as/when তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পর complex sentence কমা তুলে দিয়া সেখানে and বসালেই compound sentence হয়ে যায়। Complex: When i went there, I found him. Compound: I went there and found him. Rule-2. Though/although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Compound sentence পরিবর্তন করতে হলে though/ although তুলে দিতে হয় এবং এর পরে কমা তুলে দিয়ে সেখানে but বসাতে হয়। Complex: Although it rained heavily, he went out without an umbrella. Compound: It rained heavily but he went out without an umbrella. Rule-3. Complex sentence যদি If দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং if যুক্ত Clause এ যদি not থাকে, তবে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে if থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ তুলে দিতে হবে এবং এর পর কমা তুলে দিয়া সেই স্থানে ‘or’ বসালেই compound sentence হবে। Complex: If you do not read, you will fail. Compound: Read or you will fail. Complex to Simple: Rule-1. Since/when/as যুক্ত complex sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject এর হলে এবং দুটি Clause এ principal verb থাকলে নিচের নিয়ম করতে হবে। Structure: Since/when/as এর প্রথম subject তুলে দিয়ে main verb ing form করতে হবে + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ। Complex: When i went there, I found him absent. Simple: Going there, I found him absent. Rule-2. Since/as যুক্ত complex sentence যদি কারন বুঝাই, তাহলে Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of ইত্যাদি দিয়ে করতে হয়। Structure: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ On account of + verb + ing অথবা fog/rough weather/cold + Extension. Complex: Since there was fog, he could not go out. Simple: Due to fog, he could not go out. Rule-3. If যুক্ত শর্তমূলক Negative complex sentence কে simple sentence করার নিয়মঃ Structure: If থেকে not পর্যন্ত তুলে দিয়ে without বসাতে হবে + verb + ing + কমা সহ বাকি অংশ । Complex: If you do not come, you will not get the pen. Simple: Without coming, you will not get the pen. Rule-4. If যুক্ত Negative Complex Sentence এর দুটি Clause এর subject ভিন্ন হলে নিম্নরুপ হবে। Structure: If এর স্থলে without + subject এর possessive form বসে + Auxiliary verb ও not উঠে যায় + main verb + ing + Extension. Complex: If he does not stay at office, I shall not meet him. Simple: Without his staying at office, I shall not meet him. Rule-5. ‘So that’ যুক্ত Complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ Structure: So that থেকে principal verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত উঠে গিয়ে সে স্থলে to বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে। Complex: People work hard so that they may shine in life. Simple: People work hard to shine in life. Rule-6. ‘So …. that’ যুক্ত complex sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ Structure: Sub + verb + so এর স্থলে too + adjective/adverb + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + to + Extension. Complex: They are so nice that they can not be used just at present. Simple: They are too nice to be used just at present. Rule-7.Though/Although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence করার নিয়মঃ Structure: Although/though-এর স্থলে In spite of/ Despite বসে + Subject এর possessive form + being/having + extension. Complex: Though he was dishonest, he was set free. Simple: In spite of his being dishonest, he was set free. Rule-8. Complex Sentence এ Relative pronoun টি যদি subject কে নির্দেশ করে সেক্ষেত্রে simple sentence-এ পরিবর্তনের সময় উক্ত relative pronoun এবং তৎপরবর্তী verb উঠে যায়।এবং relative pronoun এর পরের adjective-টি subject এর পূর্বে বসে । Complex: The man who is drowning catches at a straw. Simple: A drowning man catches at a straw. Compound to Simple: Rule-1. And দ্বারা যুক্ত compound sentence-এর and এর উভয় অংশের subject যদি এক হয়, তবে একে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়মঃ Compound: He finished the work and return home. Simple: Finishing the work, he returned home. Rule-2. And যুক্ত compound sentence এর উভয় অংশের subject যদি একই হয় এবং প্রথম অংশের sentence টি যদি কারন নির্দেশ করে, সেক্ষেত্রে নিচের নিয়মে simple করতে হবে। Structure: Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ on account of + 1st sentence এর subject এর possessive form + main verb + ing/ being/having + but এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা + sub + verb + extension. Compound: I was ill and I could not attend the meeting. Simple: Because of my being ill, I could not attend the meeting. Rule-3. But যুক্ত compound sentence এ যদি but এর পরে subject ও verb না থাকে তবে, simple sentence পরিবর্তন করতে হলে নিচের নিয়মঃ Structure: In spite of / Despite + Subject এর possessive form + main verb + ing + being/having + but এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + কমা + subject + verb + extension. Compound: He is poor but honest. Simple: In spite of his being, he is poor. Rule-4. ‘Or’ যুক্ত compound sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মঃ Structure: Without + 1st main verb + ing + verb এর পরের অংশ + কমা + বাকি অংশ। Compound: Move or will die. Simple: Without moving, you will die Rule-5. Not only …. but also যুক্ত compound sentence কে simple করার নিয়মঃ Structure: Besides + not only যুক্ত ব্যকের মূল verb এর সাথে ing + not only উঠে যাবে + but also এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত + (,) + মূল subject + but also অংশে verb না থাকলে প্রথম অংশের verb + but এর পরের অংশ। Compound: Our teachers not only teach us but also guide us. Simple: Besides teaching us, our teacher guide us. Rule-6. And দ্বারা যুক্ত সময় নির্দেশক Compound sentence -কে In, On, At ইত্যাদি time word দ্বারা simple sentence করা হয়। Compound: It was raining and Siam came to me. Simple: At the time of raining Siam came to me. Rule-7. ‘And দ্বারা যুক্ত উদ্দেশ্যমুলক compound sentence কে Infinitive দ্বারা simple sentence করা হয়। Compound: He reads attentively and she can do good result. Simple: He reads attentively to do good result.