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আর্থিক স্থিতিকে নিরাপত্তাবিধান করাই হচ্ছে আমাদের কেন্দ্রীয় ব্যাংকের অগ্রাধিকারমূলক দায়িত্ব। বহির্মুখী বাজার উন্নয়নকে সহায়তা করার প্রতিনিয়তই আমরা আর্থিক খাতের নিয়ন্ত্রণ ও তত্ত্বাবধান, কাঠামো, আঞ্চলিক ও আন্ত জাতিক পর্যায়ে এর অনুশীলন ও পরিব্যাপ্তিকে উন্নত থেকে উন্নততর করছি। Basel II এর মূলধনী কাঠামোর বাস্তবায়ন, আর্থিক ঝুঁকির ব্যবস্থাপনা ও তত্ত্বাবধানকে আরো সুদৃঢ় করেছে এবং Basel II কে অন্তর্ভূক্ত করার কাজ চলছে। প্রাথমিক অনুশীলনগুলি সম্পন্ন হবার পর Basel II এর প্রয়োজনীয় তারলা সম্পর্কিত নিয়মটি শিঘ্রই চালু হবে। আক্রম্যতা চিহ্নিত করা ও তা থেকে রক্ষা পাবার জন্য ব্যাংকগুলোতে বাধ্যতামূলকভাবে চাপ সহনীয়তার পরীক্ষা চালু হয়েছে।

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Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below.The Italian banking system became the model for those North European nations that would achieve the greatest commercial success in the coming centuries, notably the Dutch, the English, and the Swedes. It was in Amsterdam, London and Stockholm that the next decisive wave of financial or innovation occurred, as the forerunners of modern central banks made their first appearance. The seventeenth century saw the foundation of three distinctly novel institutions that, in their differen in ways, were intended to serve a public as well as a private financial function. The Amsterdam Exchange Bank, i.e. the Wisselbank, was set up in 1609 to resolve the practical problems created for merchants by the circulation of multiple currencies in the United Provinces, where there were no fewer than fourteen different mints and copious quantities of foreign coins. By allowing merchants to set up accounts denominated in a standardized currency, the Exchange Bank pioneered the system of cheques and direct debits or transfers that we take for granted today. This allowed more and more commercial transactions to take place without the need for the sums involved to materialize in actual coins. Financial historians disagree as to how far the growth of banking after the seventeenth century can be credited with the acceleration of economic growth that began in Britain in the late eighteenth 20 5 century and then spread to Western Europe, North America and Australasia. But banks played a more important role in continental European industrialization than they did in England's.a) Where did the precursors of modern central banks make their first appearance? b) What practical problem was the Wisselbank required to resolve in its initial days?c) How did the Amsterdam Exchange Bank respond to the demand of the age? d) What are the points of disagreement among the financial historians with respect to growth of banking vis-a-vis growth of economy? e) Choose a suitable title for above composition.
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Write a precis of the following paragraph and provide a title:The stated intention of most regulators is to maintain stability within the financial services sector, thereby protecting the consumers whom banks serve and the 'real' economy which the industry supports. Every shock to the financial system must result in casualties. Left to itself, natural selection should work fast to eliminate the weakest institution in the market, which typically are gobbled up by the successful. But most crises also usher in new rules and regulations, as legislators and regulators rush to stabilize the financial system and to protect consumers who are also voters. The critical point is that the possibility of extinction cannot and should not be removed by excessively precautionary rules. As Joseph Schumpeter wrote more than seventy years ago, 'This economic system cannot do without the ultima ratio of the complete destruction of those existences which are irretrievably associated with the hopelessly unadapted.' This meant, in his view, nothing less than the disappearance of 'those firms which are unfit to live'. It remains to be seen whether the extraordinary measures taken by Western governments since September 2008 will have the desired effect of preventing complete breakdown of the financial system or whether they will in fact end up impeding the process of financial evolution.
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An efficient system for collecting, analyzing and storing migrant worker data in Bangladesh has been needed for a long time. To that end, kudos to the IOM for helping to develop the returning Migrants Management of Information system, which is essentially a nationwide returnee database, intended to make a number of processes easier. Sustainable reintegration of returnee I priority and information stored in this system will enable the authorities to do things it could not do before. Efficient allocation of labor to communities and to sector is demand. This will boost our economy at home, but it will also give returnee migrant workers the opportunities they deserve after doing so much for us by sending valuable remittance earning back to the country. (Translate the following into Bangla)
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Appropriate central bank response to persistent fiscal dominance will vary according to specific country situations, but in all cases they need to be unrelenting in strong advocacy for fiscal restraint, insisting on stabilization of public debt and growth of tax bases in tandem with expansion of public expenditure, so as not to let sovereign borrowing levels strain financial stability. Also, central banks should maintain real interest rates at such levels to dissuade borrowing binge by public and private also be needed occasionally. Beside these steps in terms of traditional role in the private profit driven market economy framework, promotion of pursuit of socially responsible business ethos would help consulate stability, by curbing debt addiction and short term speculative profit seeking at the expense of log terms sustainability in the real and financial sectors. (Translate English to Bengali)
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Loan disbursement from the stimulus package dedicated to cottage, micro, small and medium. enterprises was far below the mark, bit, yet, midsize ones made the most out of it for their closer kinship with the formal banking channel. Businesses minors in the beneficiary group were just lookers-on. Such a picture of the stimulus handouts came out of the latest circular issued by the central bank of Bangladesh In the latest notification, the Bangladesh Bank further eased some rules related to the implementation of the stimulus package meant for the cottage-micro-small section. To ensure access for the small firms, the Bangladesh Bank in the latest notification ordered the banks for 70 percent disbursement for them and only 30 percent for the medians. (Translate the following into Bangla)
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One of the major components of inclusive rural transformation includes financial inclusion. But focus on access to financial services is insufficient. Widespread access to efficient and sustainable financial services and capital, without which the benefits of the rural transformation cannot be fully realized is now common felt need. This requires a significant expansion of financial resources and budgets, as well as major improvements in the efficiency and institutional sustainability of rural financial systems. Access to finance is essential for promoting inclusive economic growth and reducing the level of poverty in a country. World Bank defines financial inclusion as access to a full range of affordable formal financial products and services, delivered responsibly by sustainable institutions. Around two billion adults worldwide do not have financial account and many small businesses cannot access the financial instruments they need. Financial inclusion is now explicitly recognized in various sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. (Translate from English to Bangla)
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The idea of a crime against humanity and of war crimes in general can be understood in relation to the natural law and natural rights theories. Certain actions violate the natural value and dignity of persons, and all human beings should know this based upon a common moral sense, no matter what orders they receive. The important point here is that soldiers cannot be excused for criminal behavior by claiming that they are merely following orders. Principle IV of the Nuremberg Trials stipulates, "The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible to him." Moreover, Principle III of the tribunal stipulated that any superior authority and lead were not excused from persecution. The Nuremberg Trials are viewed as an important step in th development of war crimes tribunals and international law. Since Nuremberg, the inter nation community has worked to create a more impartial system for dealing with war crime and crime against humanity, including the development of an international criminal court in The Hague. (Translate into Bangla)
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It is not clear that the current global regulatory reform initiatives will be enough to dissuade banks and financial institutions from risky speculative behavior that lead to recurrent instability. A fundamental reorientation of their corporate goals and objectives towards conducting business in socially responsible manner is perhaps needed for this. Only such a basic reorientation can perhaps draw them away lastingly from socially harmful unproductive speculative investments towards inclusive financing of productive, pursuits of all population segments in all economic sectors; harnessing and fostering creative energies of the entire working age population. Already growing in sidelines in many developing and developed economies, this socially responsible inclusive financing orientation has been chosen by Bangladesh Bank as the mainstream approach for the financial sector in Bangladesh. Initial results look promising. (Translate into Bangla)
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