1. Identity, Legitimacy, Penetration, Participation, Integration, Distribution
  2. Identity, Penetration, Participation, Disintegration, Distribution, Economic instability
  3. Penetration, Diffusion, Disintegration, Centralisation, Leadership, Governance
  4. Participation, Representation, Penetration, Integration, Legitimacy, Centralisation
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Option 1 : Identity, Legitimacy, Penetration, Participation, Integration, Distribution

The term Political development entered the lexicon of political science newly established Asian and African states began devising development plans for their people's socio-economic well-being in the 1950s. 

  • It entails systematic change, changes to the political system's functioning that are quite fundamental.
  • The concept of development was founded on economic principles. 
  • ​Almond and Powell define it as, ” the increased differentiation and specialisation of political structures and the increased secularisation of political culture”. 
  • Lucian w. Pye, a notable contributor to the idea of political development, defined the several crises that the political growth process is supposed to overcome.
  • These crises are: 
    • Identity crises
    • Legitimacy crises
    • Penetration crises
    • Participation crises
    • Integration crises
    • Distribution crises.

Thus, Lucian Pye had identified 'Crises' that new States in the Third World face in achieving political development which are Identity, Legitimacy, Penetration, Participation, Integration and Distribution. 

Some major of Lucian Pye are mentioned in Table: 

Title Year
The Non-Western Political Process 1958
Political Culture And Political Development 1965
The Spirit Of Chinese Politics: A Psychocultural Study Of The Authority Crisis In Political Development 1968
 Warlord Politics: Conflict And Coalition In The Modernization Of Republican China 1971
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