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  1. Unilateral element
  2. Bilateral element
  3. Lumped element
  4. Distributed element
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1 Answers

Option 1 : Unilateral element

In network theory elements can be classified in the following way:

[ alt="F1 Nakshtra.J 01-06-21 Savita D3" src="//storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/06/F1_Nakshtra.J_01-06-21_Savita_D3.png" style="height: 168px; width: 333px;">

1. Linear and Non-linear Element:

  • An element is said to be Linear if its V-I characteristics follow only one equation of the straight line or Ohm's law and passing through the origin.
  • R, L and C element is considered as the linear element.
  • The characteristics of the linear element are shown below.

[ alt="F1 Nakshtra.J 01-06-21 Savita D4" src="//storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/06/F1_Nakshtra.J_01-06-21_Savita_D4.png" style="height: 155px; width: 170px;">[ alt="F1 Nakshtra.J 01-06-21 Savita D5" src="//storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/06/F1_Nakshtra.J_01-06-21_Savita_D5.png" style="width: 170px; height: 155px;">

  • An element is said to be Non-linear if its V-I characteristics not follow only one equation and not follow Ohm's law.
  • Diode, BJT, JFET, SCR, etc are considered as the non-linear element.
  • The characteristics of the non-linear element are shown below.

[ alt="F1 Nakshtra.J 01-06-21 Savita D6" src="//storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/06/F1_Nakshtra.J_01-06-21_Savita_D6.png" style="width: 170px; height: 155px;">[ alt="F1 Nakshtra.J 01-06-21 Savita D7" src="//storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/06/F1_Nakshtra.J_01-06-21_Savita_D7.png" style="width: 170px; height: 155px;">

2. Active and Passive Element:

  • The element which delivers power from the source to load is called the Active element.
  • Generator, Solar cell, battery, etc are examples of Active elements.
  • For active elements, the slope of characteristics is either only negative or both negative and positive as shown.

[ alt="F1 Nakshtra.J 01-06-21 Savita D8" src="//storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/06/F1_Nakshtra.J_01-06-21_Savita_D8.png" style="width: 170px; height: 155px;">[ alt="F1 Nakshtra.J 01-06-21 Savita D6" src="//storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/06/F1_Nakshtra.J_01-06-21_Savita_D6.png" style="width: 170px; height: 155px;">

  • The element that absorbed power or dissipates power from the source is known as the Passive element.
  • R, L, C is an example of a Passive element.
  • For the passive element, the slope of characteristics is only positive as shown.

[ alt="F1 Nakshtra.J 01-06-21 Savita D4" src="//storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/06/F1_Nakshtra.J_01-06-21_Savita_D4.png" style="width: 170px; height: 155px;">[ alt="F1 Nakshtra.J 01-06-21 Savita D9" src="//storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/06/F1_Nakshtra.J_01-06-21_Savita_D9.png" style="width: 170px; height: 155px;">

3. Unilateral and Bilateral Element:

  • An element is said to be Unilateral if the flowing of current through the element is only one direction or current flows through it due to the majority carrier only.
  • Constant current & Voltage source Diode, Vacuum diode, FET, BJT, etc is an example of a unilateral element.
  • An element is said to be Bilateral if it offers the same impedance in characteristics.
  • R, L, C is an example of a Bilateral element and each Linear element is Bilateral in nature.

4. Time-variant and Time-invariant Element: An element is said to be a time-variant if its V-I characteristics change with time, otherwise, it is time-invariant.

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