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What symbolizes or confirms the Harappan Civilization's contact with distant lands? 1. Traces of Harappan artifacts in present Saudi Arabia. 2. A distinctive type of vessel, a large Harappan jar coated with a thick layer of black clay has been found at Omani sites. 3. Mesopotamian texts. 4. Harappan Seals.

What symbolizes or confirms the Harappan Civilization's contact with distant lands? 1. Traces of Harappan artifacts in present Saudi Arabia. 2. A distinctive type of vessel, a large Harappan jar coated with a thick layer of black clay has been found at Omani sites. 3. Mesopotamian texts. 4. Harappan Seals. Correct Answer 2, 3, and 4 only

The correct answer is 2, 3, and 4 only.

Key Points

  • Archaeological findings suggest that copper was also brought from Oman, on the southeastern tip of the Arabian peninsula. Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect.
    • Chemical analyses have shown that both the Omani copper and Harappan artifacts have traces of nickel, suggesting a common origin.
  • A distinctive type of vessel, a large Harappan jar coated with a thick layer of black clay has been found at Omani sites. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
    • Thick coatings prevent the percolation of liquids.
  • It is possible that the Harappans exchanged the contents of these vessels for Omani copper.
  • Mesopotamian texts datable to the third millennium BCE refer to copper coming from a region called Magan, perhaps a name for Oman, and interestingly enough copper found at Mesopotamian sites also contains traces of nickel. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
  • Other archaeological finds suggestive of long-distance contacts include Harappan seals, weights, dice, and beads. Hence, Statement 4 is correct.
  • It is worth noting that Mesopotamian texts mention contact with regions named Dilmun (probably the island of Bahrain), Magan, and Meluhha, possibly the Harappan region.
  • They mention the products from Meluhha: carnelian, lapis lazuli, copper, gold, and varieties of wood.
  • Communication with Oman, Bahrain, or Mesopotamia was likely by sea.
  • Mesopotamian texts refer to Meluhha as a land of seafarers.
  • Besides, we find depictions of ships and boats on seals.

Related Questions

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