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All things which have smoke have fire; This hill has smoke; Therefore, The hill has smoke; and No non-fiery things have a smoke; This hill has smoke; Therefore, this hill is non-fiery The above is an example of which type of inference in Indian logic?

All things which have smoke have fire; This hill has smoke; Therefore, The hill has smoke; and No non-fiery things have a smoke; This hill has smoke; Therefore, this hill is non-fiery The above is an example of which type of inference in Indian logic? Correct Answer Anvayavyatireki

Anumana or Inference:

  • This word is derived from two Sanskrit words, 'Anu' means after and 'Mana' means measurement. So it means measuring after something.
  • Anumana is the knowledge after proof.
  • Anumana is a means of knowledge or one of the six types of Pramans in Indian Philosophy.

Gautama has classified anumana into three,

Anumana Definition
Puvovat anumana

Here we infer the unperceived effect from a perceived cause.

Example: After the appearance of the dark cloud, we can infer future rain
Sesvat anuman

Here we infer the unperceived cause from a perceived effect.

Example: To infer rain in the past by perceiving muddy water in the pond

Samanayatodrasta anumana

Here we infer not based on causal relation but the experience of uniformity

Example: To see the changing position of the moon we can infer about its motion

Based on Vyapti, the inference can also be classified into three,

Inference Definition
Kevalanvayi

In this anumana, vyâpti between the middle and the major term is derived from a uniform agreement in presence alone.

Example: All knowable objects are nameable;
The pot is a knowable object;
Therefore the pot is nameable
Kevalavyatireki

In this anumana, vyapti between the middle and the major is derived from a uniform agreement in absence alone.

Example: What is not different from other elements has no smell;
The earth has a smell;
Therefore the earth is different from other elements.
Anvayavyatireki

Here, the middle term in inference is both positively and negatively related to the major term.

Example: 

All smoky objects are fiery;
The hill is smoky;
Therefore the hill is fiery.

No non-fiery object is smoky;
The hill is smoky
Therefore the hill is not non-fiery;
That is, the hill is fiery.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

Related Questions

In case of anuma̅na (inference) identify the sequences of five steps of syllogistic argument according to Nya̅ya: (A) The mountain has fire (B) The mountain also has smoke accompanied by fire, like kitchen (C) Therefore the mountain has fire (D) Because of smoke (E) Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in the kitchen Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
"Wherever there is smoke, fire is also present". Which of the following statements is true with reference to the above statement according to Nya̅ya philosophy? (A) Smoke cannot exist without fire also being present there  (B) Fire causes smoke (C) Universal fireness causes universal smokeness  (D) It asserts that there is a relation of concommitance between smoke and fire  Choose the correct answer from the options given below :  
Match List I with List II List I List II Steps in Inference Statements A. Thesis (Pratijña̅) I. Because of smoke B. Reason (Hetu) II. Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in the kitchen C. Example (Uda̅harana) III. The mountain has fire D. Application (Upanaya) IV. The mountain also has smoke accompanied by fire, like the kitchen Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
Match List I with List II.   List I  List II Steps of Argument Propositions (A) Affirmation of the thesis as proven (I) Wherever there is smoke, there is fire as in the kitchen (B) Statement of reason (II) There is fire on the hill (C) Giving an example of underlying rule (III) Therefore there is fire on the hill (D) Statement of thesis to be established (IV) Because there is smoke  
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