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Match List I with List II List I List II Steps in Inference Statements A. Thesis (Pratijña̅) I. Because of smoke B. Reason (Hetu) II. Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in the kitchen C. Example (Uda̅harana) III. The mountain has fire D. Application (Upanaya) IV. The mountain also has smoke accompanied by fire, like the kitchen Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Match List I with List II List I List II Steps in Inference Statements A. Thesis (Pratijña̅) I. Because of smoke B. Reason (Hetu) II. Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in the kitchen C. Example (Uda̅harana) III. The mountain has fire D. Application (Upanaya) IV. The mountain also has smoke accompanied by fire, like the kitchen Choose the correct answer from the options given below : Correct Answer A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV

Anumana Inference occupies a central place in the Hindu school of logic (Nyaya). This school worked out a syllogism in the form of an argument that goes through five stages:

  • the proposition (pratijna, literally “promise”),
  • the ground (hetu),
  • the illustration (udaharana),
  • the application (upanaya), and
  • the conclusion (nigamana).
Key Points 
Steps in Inference Statement 
Thesis (Pratijña̅)
  • The Sanskrit origin word Pratijna means 'promise, vow or declaration.
  • It is the thesis to be established, which makes a statement. It means that through which something is proved.
  • For example, The mountain has fire.
Reason (Hetu)
  • Hetu refers to "reason" for a conclusion.
  • So in the above example, thesis or Pratijna was made The mountain has fire, has hetu or reason that it is  Because of smoke.
Example (Uda̅harana)
  • After forming pratijna and hetu comes Uda̅harana.
  • Uda̅harana means the illustration.
  • For the thesis or Pratijna made  as- The mountain has fire has hetu or reason that it is because of smoke Uda̅harana eventually gives the illustration to prove hetu that Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in the kitchen.
Application (Upanaya)
  • After forming pratijna, hetu ,Uda̅harana. comes Upanaya.
  • Upanaya means the application.
  • For the given above example thesis or Pratijna i.e, The mountain has fire.
  • It has hetu or reason that it is  because of smoke and consequently there is an illustration or to prove hetu that Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in the kitchen.
  • Upanaya states application of the illustration or Uda̅harana  that The mountain also has smoke accompanied by fire, like the kitchen.

Therefore the correct matching code is A-III, B - I, C - II, D - IV

Related Questions

What is the correct sequence of steps in case of inference according to Indian Logic? (A) Statement of similarity/applicability of the example to case in consideration (upanaya) (B) Statement of Reason (hetu) (C) Affirmation of the thesis as proved (nigmana) (D) Statement of thesis (Pratijna) (E) Giving an example of the underlying rule (udaharana) Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
In case of anuma̅na (inference) identify the sequences of five steps of syllogistic argument according to Nya̅ya: (A) The mountain has fire (B) The mountain also has smoke accompanied by fire, like kitchen (C) Therefore the mountain has fire (D) Because of smoke (E) Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in the kitchen Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Match List I with List II.   List I  List II Steps of Argument Propositions (A) Affirmation of the thesis as proven (I) Wherever there is smoke, there is fire as in the kitchen (B) Statement of reason (II) There is fire on the hill (C) Giving an example of underlying rule (III) Therefore there is fire on the hill (D) Statement of thesis to be established (IV) Because there is smoke  
Match List I with List II List I List II Typical Aristotelian syllogism  Technical names in  Nyaya Philosophy  A. Socrates in mortal  I. Nigamana  B. Because he is a man  II. Upanaya  C. Whoever is a man, is mortal  e.g. Pythagoras  III. Udaharan  D. Socrates is a man who is  invariably a mortal  IV. Hetu  E. Therefore Socrates is mortal  V. Pratijna Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
"Wherever there is smoke, fire is also present". Which of the following statements is true with reference to the above statement according to Nya̅ya philosophy? (A) Smoke cannot exist without fire also being present there  (B) Fire causes smoke (C) Universal fireness causes universal smokeness  (D) It asserts that there is a relation of concommitance between smoke and fire  Choose the correct answer from the options given below :  
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R Assertion A: According to the Nyãya system, when one observes smoke at a particular locus, one could infer that the same locus has the presence of fire too. Reason R: Fire causes smoke, and is always accompanied by smoke. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below
All things which have smoke have fire; This hill has smoke; Therefore, The hill has smoke; and No non-fiery things have a smoke; This hill has smoke; Therefore, this hill is non-fiery The above is an example of which type of inference in Indian logic?
Consider the example of Anumana given below: A) The mountain is fiery B) Because it has smoke C) Wherever there is smoke, there is fire. Which one of the following expresses Vyapti (relation of invariable concomitance)?
Fact 1: All dogs like to run.
Fact 2: Some dogs like to swim.
Fact 3: Some dogs look like their masters.

If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact?
I: All dogs who like to swim look like their masters.
II: Dogs who like to swim also like to run.
III: Dogs who like to run do not look like their masters.
Hawthorne studies have proved that
1. wherever the supervisors are employee centered, the output of the employees is high.
2. wherever the supervisors are production centered, the output of the employees is more.
3. wherever the supervisors are employee centered, the output of the employees is less.
4. wherever the supervisor are production centered, the output of the employees is less.