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"Wherever there is smoke, there is fire. There is smoke in Mr Verma's chamber. There must be fire in Mr Verma's chamber." In accordance with Indian logic, this is an example of

"Wherever there is smoke, there is fire. There is smoke in Mr Verma's chamber. There must be fire in Mr Verma's chamber." In accordance with Indian logic, this is an example of Correct Answer Vyapti (Invariable relations)

Vyapti (Invariable relations):

  • Vyapti is the nerve of inference or Anumana.
  • It means means ‘the state of pervasion.’
  • It implies a correlation between two facts, of which one is pervaded and the other pervades 
  • For example, smoke is pervaded by fire
  • A Vyapti may be of two types—
    1. ​​Samavyapti: A Vyapti between terms of equal extension
    2. Asamavyapti: a Vyapti between terms of unequal extension 

"Wherever there is smoke, there is fire.

There is smoke in Mr Verma's chamber.

There must be a fire in Mr Verma's chamber."

  • This universal relationship between fire and smoke, so it is an example of Vyapti.

  • The existence of fire is necessary to be admitted in every case of smoke.

  • Without the definite knowledge of such a relation, our inference of fire is impossible in spite of the perception of smoke.

Pramanas:

  • Pramanas are proofs or 'means of knowledge'.
  • It is the theory of knowledge and encompasses valid and reliable means of knowledge.
  • The sis pramanas are 
    • Pratyaksa: means the perception both internal and external. It acquires through sensory organs and the mind.
    • Anumana: means inference, which accepts the truth based on the observation and previous truths.
    • Sabda: means verbal testimony, A sentence that is a means of valid knowledge is called verbal testimony.
    • Upamana: means comparison, It is knowledge derived from comparison and roughly corresponds to analogy. 
    • Arhapatti: means implication, It is the assumption of an unperceived fact in order to reconcile two apparently inconsistent perceived facts
    • Anupalabdhi: means non-perception, the perception of the non-existence of a thing.
  • In different schools of philosophy, they accept different means of knowledge or different pramanas.

Related Questions

"Wherever there is smoke, fire is also present". Which of the following statements is true with reference to the above statement according to Nya̅ya philosophy? (A) Smoke cannot exist without fire also being present there  (B) Fire causes smoke (C) Universal fireness causes universal smokeness  (D) It asserts that there is a relation of concommitance between smoke and fire  Choose the correct answer from the options given below :  
In case of anuma̅na (inference) identify the sequences of five steps of syllogistic argument according to Nya̅ya: (A) The mountain has fire (B) The mountain also has smoke accompanied by fire, like kitchen (C) Therefore the mountain has fire (D) Because of smoke (E) Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in the kitchen Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
All things which have smoke have fire; This hill has smoke; Therefore, The hill has smoke; and No non-fiery things have a smoke; This hill has smoke; Therefore, this hill is non-fiery The above is an example of which type of inference in Indian logic?
Match List I with List II List I List II Steps in Inference Statements A. Thesis (Pratijña̅) I. Because of smoke B. Reason (Hetu) II. Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in the kitchen C. Example (Uda̅harana) III. The mountain has fire D. Application (Upanaya) IV. The mountain also has smoke accompanied by fire, like the kitchen Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
Match List I with List II.   List I  List II Steps of Argument Propositions (A) Affirmation of the thesis as proven (I) Wherever there is smoke, there is fire as in the kitchen (B) Statement of reason (II) There is fire on the hill (C) Giving an example of underlying rule (III) Therefore there is fire on the hill (D) Statement of thesis to be established (IV) Because there is smoke  
Hawthorne studies have proved that
1. wherever the supervisors are employee centered, the output of the employees is high.
2. wherever the supervisors are production centered, the output of the employees is more.
3. wherever the supervisors are employee centered, the output of the employees is less.
4. wherever the supervisor are production centered, the output of the employees is less.
Hawthorne studies have proved that
1.wherever the supervisors are employee centered, the output of the employees is high.
2. wherever the supervisors are production centered, the output of the employees is more.
3. wherever the supervisors are employee centered, the output of the employees is less.
4. wherever the supervisor are production centered, the output of the employees is less.
Consider the example of Anumana given below: A) The mountain is fiery B) Because it has smoke C) Wherever there is smoke, there is fire. Which one of the following expresses Vyapti (relation of invariable concomitance)?
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R Assertion A: According to the Nyãya system, when one observes smoke at a particular locus, one could infer that the same locus has the presence of fire too. Reason R: Fire causes smoke, and is always accompanied by smoke. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below
A stainless steel chamber contains Ar gas at a temperature T and pressure P. The total number of Ar atoms in the chamber is n. Now Ar gas in the chamber is replaced by CO2 gas and the total number of CO2 molecules in the chamber is n/2 at the same temperature T. The pressure in the chamber now is P’. Which one of the following relations holds true? (Both the gases behave as ideal gases)