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Given below are two Lists in which List I indicates the type of operant learning procedures while List II describes their related procedure-paradigm. Match the pairs and choose the correct answer from the code given below. List I (Type of Operant Learning Procedure) List II (Related Procedure) a)  Discriminated Omission i)  Cue Present → Response Made → Positive Reinforcement b)  Discriminated Punishment ii)  Cue Present → Response Made → Negative Reinforcement c)  Discriminated Operant iii)  Cue Present → Response Withheld → Positive Reinforcement d)  Active Avoidance iv)  Cue Present → Response Withheld → Negative Reinforcement

Given below are two Lists in which List I indicates the type of operant learning procedures while List II describes their related procedure-paradigm. Match the pairs and choose the correct answer from the code given below. List I (Type of Operant Learning Procedure) List II (Related Procedure) a)  Discriminated Omission i)  Cue Present → Response Made → Positive Reinforcement b)  Discriminated Punishment ii)  Cue Present → Response Made → Negative Reinforcement c)  Discriminated Operant iii)  Cue Present → Response Withheld → Positive Reinforcement d)  Active Avoidance iv)  Cue Present → Response Withheld → Negative Reinforcement Correct Answer a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii

Operant conditioning 

  • Also known as instrumental conditioning.
  • It is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior.
  • Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence, whether negative or positive, for that behavior.
  • Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.
  • It is also a procedure that is used to bring about such learning. 

Procedure-paradigm

  • The procedure paradigm uses a linear top-down approach and treats data and procedures as two different entities.
  • Based on the concept of a procedure call, Procedural Programming divides the program into procedures, which are also known as routines or functions, simply containing a series of steps to be carried out.

Discriminated Omission

  • The stimuli that tell that omitting alternative behavior will be rewarded. 
  • Hold the position without doing anything else and a reward will follow.
  •  Omission training is a method in behaviorism used to stop undesirable behaviors. 
  • Discriminated Omission will follow the procedure Cue Present → Response Withheld → Positive Reinforcement.

Discriminated Punishment

  • Discriminated punishment is an alternative paradigm that characterizes phobia as a choice behavior in which fear serves to punish an otherwise adaptive behavior.
  • Discriminated punishment will follow the procedure  Cue Present → Response Withheld → Negative Reinforcement.

Discriminated Operant

  • The discriminated operant is an operant response that is under the stimulus control of a discriminative stimulus.
  • Such control is established by reinforcing the response in the presence of that discriminative stimulus.
  • discriminated operant will follow the procedure Cue Present → Response Made → Positive Reinforcement.

Active avoidance

  • It refers to experimental behavioral paradigms where subjects are trained, following the onset of a conditioned stimulus CS, to move from a starting position to another position in the testing apparatus within a fixed amount of time avoidance.
  • Active avoidance will follow the procedure Cue Present → Response Made → Negative Reinforcement.

List I

(Type of Operant Learning Procedure)

List II

(Related Procedure)
a)  Discriminated Omission i) 

Cue Present → Response Withheld → Positive Reinforcement
b)  Discriminated Punishment ii) 

Cue Present → Response Withheld → Negative Reinforcement
c)  Discriminated Operant iii)  Cue Present → Response Made → Positive Reinforcement
d)  Active Avoidance iv)  Cue Present → Response Made → Negative Reinforcement

Related Questions

Below are given two sets, Set - I which gives modalities of operant conditioning and Set - II which provides the types of reinforcement, the types of responses (responses made or withheld) and the presence or absence of cue. Match the two sets and indicate your answer by choosing from the code : Set - I (Modalities of operant conditioning procedures) Set – II           (Conditions and contexts) (a) Reward training (i) Positive reinforcement, response made, with cue present (b) Escape training (ii) Positive reinforcement, response withheld with cue absent (c) Discriminated omission training   (iii) Positive reinforcement, response made with cue absent (d) Active avoidance   (iv) Negative reinforcement, response made with training (e) Punishment training (v) Positive reinforcement, response withheld with cue present   (vi) Negative reinforcement, response withheld with cue absent  
For training in behavior modification using Skinner's operant conditioning model in which of the following types of procedures, negative reinforcement is made contingent on making or withholding of a response in the presence or absence of cues? a) Reward learning b) Escape learning c) Punishment learning d) Active avoidance learning e) Discriminated operant learning Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Match the following two lists in which List I highlights the description of the Purpose Related to Specific Guidance Service and List II indicates Types of Guidance Service. Choose the correct answer using the code given below.   List I   List II (a) Determines the pace of progress of former pupils on the basis of their contextual placement (i) Follow-up Service (b) Description of aspects related to a particular job for matching the individuals with the job characteristics (ii) Placement Service (c) Liking of a particular job by a person which is visible through gestures etc. while going to the work place (iii) Job Analysis (d) Aims at providing assistance to students in deciding educational and vocational stream (iv) Job Satisfaction     (v) Counselling     (vi)  Occupational Information Service
In the two lists given below, List I provides the list of Treaties, while List II indicates Years. Match the two lists and choose the correct answer:
In the two lists given below, List I provides the list of Prime Ministers, while List II indicates Governments. Match the two lists and choose the correct answer:
Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.
Public opinion may be passive and false or active and real. It is claimed in theory that all governments are ultimately based on the opinion or sanction of the governed. But we find that in practice the people's rights are often trodden down and tyranny and oppression are allowed to continue. The government does it not because the people want it to do so but because they are too idle, too uneducated and too disunited or timid to oppose the govern ment. Such public opinion is passive and false and not an active verdict. But when we find people alert, intelligent and determined to let the government know their will, when they want to exercise actively their voice in the management of their country, we have an instance of true or active public opinion. True public opinion is formed by and expressed through the press, the platform, political parties and educational institutions. These have sacred duties to perform, duties on which depends the ultimate good of the entire community. The press today wields a tremendous influence, So it should support the causes and move ments and condemn the wrong one's and thus teach people to form correct opinion. A free and fair press ventilates the grievances of the public. Thus a healthy relationship develops between the people and the government through out an unbiased press. Political parties also help to create and regulate opinions. No less important part is played by the educational Institutions which train the minds of the young people who will be the citizens of tomorrow. It has been said that modern Germany and China have been made by their universities. It is necessary that the young and the growing minds should imbibe the spirit of fellow-feeling, the spirit of tolerance, the habit of compromise, and show due regard for the feelings and opinion of others without which a democratic society cannot function, let alone succeed. When there is true awakening of the people, we shall have the real and conscious public opinion. And justice will reign on earth and truly will the voice of the people be the voice of God.
According to the passage, which of the following is needed from the people to have true or active public opinion? 1. Alertness
2. Determination
3. Intelligence
4. Raising their voice
In the two lists given below, List I offers the description of 'Koshas' as a part of our personality and List II mentions their names. Match the two and choose the correct answer from the code given below. List I (Description of Kosha) List II (Name of Kosha) a) It is made up of the food we eat i) Anandamaya Kosha b) It comprises the reflexes and the organs - the nervous system of receptors and effectors ii) Manomaya Kosha c) It is that where cravings, desires and purposes reside iii) Pranamaya Kosha d) It is the repository of individual intelligence necessary for one's individual existence iv) Annamaya Kosha e) It is the representative of the Atman seated in the individual body v) Vigyanmaya Kosha     vi) The Individual Self
Rearrange the parts of the sentence in correct order. P: This discipline is characterized by several concepts and approaches that are used by psychologists in understanding human behavior.
Q: The field of psychology can be described as a discipline that focuses on the study of mind and behavior.
R: Some of the most common psychological concepts that are used to modify or change an individuals behavior include operant conditioning, positive and negative punishment, and positive and negative reinforcement.
S: Since psychology is a broad field, psychologists not only use these concepts and approaches but also conduct scientific research that enables them to understand
human behavior.
Which of the following statements differentiate teaching from learning? A) Teaching is a social act while learning is a personal act B) Teaching implies learning C) Teaching is like selling while learning is like buying D) Teaching can occur without learning taking place E) In teaching, influence is directed towards learning and learner, while in learning it is usually towards oneself Choose the correct answer from the following options:
Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.
Public opinion may be passive and false or active and real. It is claimed in theory that all governments are ultimately based on the opinion or sanction of the governed. But we find that in practice the people's rights are often trodden down and tyranny and oppression are allowed to continue. The government does it not because the people want it to do so but because they are too idle, too uneducated and too disunited or timid to oppose the govern ment. Such public opinion is passive and false and not an active verdict. But when we find people alert, intelligent and determined to let the government know their will, when they want to exercise actively their voice in the management of their country, we have an instance of true or active public opinion. True public opinion is formed by and expressed through the press, the platform, political parties and educational institutions. These have sacred duties to perform, duties on which depends the ultimate good of the entire community. The press today wields a tremendous influence, So it should support the causes and move ments and condemn the wrong one's and thus teach people to form correct opinion. A free and fair press ventilates the grievances of the public. Thus a healthy relationship develops between the people and the government through out an unbiased press. Political parties also help to create and regulate opinions. No less important part is played by the educational Institutions which train the minds of the young people who will be the citizens of tomorrow. It has been said that modern Germany and China have been made by their universities. It is necessary that the young and the growing minds should imbibe the spirit of fellow-feeling, the spirit of tolerance, the habit of compromise, and show due regard for the feelings and opinion of others without which a democratic society cannot function, let alone succeed. When there is true awakening of the people, we shall have the real and conscious public opinion. And justice will reign on earth and truly will the voice of the people be the voice of God.
Which of the following is not the reason for the oppression caused to general public by the running government in the country?