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In which of the following forms of knowledge there cannot be any predication of the object in terms of the subject-predicate relation?

In which of the following forms of knowledge there cannot be any predication of the object in terms of the subject-predicate relation? Correct Answer <span style="">Nirvikalpaka Pratyaksha</span>

According to Nyaya School, Pratyaksha (Perception) direct and immediate cognition is formed by the contact of the object with the sense organs.
Key Points
  • Perception is the root of all other pramanas since it provides direct or instantaneous knowledge of an object's actuality.
  • Nirvikalpa (Indeterminate Perception) is the first step in the perceiving process.
  • It lacks a subject-predicate relationship.
  • A thing's nirvikalpa perception is its perception at the earliest instant of the senses association with their objects.
  • It is the observation of a thing at its most basic level.
  • When someone sees anything they first recognize it as having some form, or rupa, and certain attributes, or guna.
​Thus, In Nirvikalpaka Pratyaksha forms of knowledge, there cannot be any predication of the object in terms of the subject-predicate relation.

Additional Information

  • Savikalpaka Pratyaksha: It means determinate perception, the object is cognized along with its specific form and qualities. 
  • Sāmānylakșaṇa: Samanya denotes universality, laksana denotes mediation, and pratyaksa denotes perception. Experience a specific item indirectly and perceive the universality of that object.
  • Yogaja: This is a perception of all items in the past, present, and future that is intuitive and immediate.

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