Medical Post Graduation | Pharmacology

General pharmacology Cns pharmacology Cvs pharmacology Antibiotics Autonomic pharmacology Endocrine pharmacology Renal pharmacology Miscellaneous pharmacology Respiratory pharmacology

Hazards of irrational use of medicines are

ক

Increased incidence of ADR

খ

Therapeutic failure

গ

Emergence of drug resistant microorganisms

ঘ

Inappropriate diagnosis

ঙ

Financial burden to health providers

The pharmacokinetics in the elderly are altered due to

ক

Increase in enzyme induction

খ

Decreased in renal clearance

গ

Increase in percentage of body fat

ঘ

Reduction in lean body mass

ঙ

Increase in total body water

Plant alkaloids are

ক

Vincristine

খ

Vinblastine

গ

Doxorubicin

ঘ

Cisplatin

ঙ

Methotrexate

A highly ionized drug

ক

Is excreted mainly by kidney

খ

Cannot cross the placental barrier easily

গ

Is well absorbed from the intestine

ঘ

Accumulates in cellular lipids

ঙ

Can easily cross blood brain barrier

Most drugs

ক

Are either weak acids or weak bases

খ

Can explore or modify physiological system

গ

Are distributed on their pKa and pH gradient across the membrane

ঘ

When non-ionized are lipid insoluble

ঙ

If acidic

চ

accumulate more on acid side of membrane

In the laboratory testing of new drugs

ক

The LD50 (ratof a drug is the dose that will kill 50 percent of the rats injected.

খ

Teratogenicity tests examine the potential of a drug to produce congenital abnormalities if given during pregnancy.

গ

The carcinogenic potential of a drug is obvious when administered for about one-third of the lifespan of an animal.

ঘ

Information on carcinogenicity of compounds is obtained from acute toxicity tests.

ঙ

The therapeutic index is an indication of the potency of a drug

Irrational use of antibiotics may result in

ক

Development of resistance to antibiotics

খ

Superinfection

গ

Wastage of resources

ঘ

Prevention of infection

ঙ

Health status improvement

Bioavailability of a drug may be decreased if the drug is

ক

Water soluble

খ

Protein in nature

গ

Ionized

ঘ

Acid stable

ঙ

Lipid soluble

Causes of decreased bioavailability are

ক

High first pass metabolism

খ

Poor lipid solubility

গ

Increased absorption.

ঘ

Intravenous absorption of drugs

ঙ

Nonionization of drugs

Bioavailability of a drug is

ক

A fraction of unchanged drug in the systemic circulation

খ

Is affected by metabolism in the liver

গ

100% with intravenous route

ঘ

A measure of the rate of absorption of the drug

ঙ

Identical with different formulations of the same drug

Bioavailability of a drug after oral administration may be reduced by:

ক

Increased rate of first pass metabolism

খ

Enteric coating of a tablet that is labile in acid pH of stomach

গ

Interaction with other drugs

ঘ

Decreased gastric emptying time

ঙ

Increased gastrointestinal blood flow

Bioavailability of orally administered drug

ক

Depends on solubility status

খ

Depends on size of the particle

গ

Is not influenced by presence of food

ঘ

Does not depend on disintegration time

ঙ

Usually ranges between 60-70 percent

Drugs that can not be given orally are

ক

Benzyl penicillin

খ

Gentamicin

গ

Oxytocin

ঘ

Ampicillin

ঙ

Nitroglycerin

Drugs administered through the sublingual route

ক

Nifedipine

খ

Glyceryl trinitrate (GT

গ

Digoxin

ঘ

Carbamazepine

ঙ

Captopril

Routes of drug administration not having an absorption phase are

ক

Intravenous

খ

Subcutaneous

গ

Intramascular

ঘ

Sublingual

ঙ

Inhalational