Medical Post Graduation | Pharmacology

Practice Medical Post Graduation | Pharmacology on Bissoy — browse topics below and open any question.

General pharmacology Cns pharmacology Cvs pharmacology Antibiotics Autonomic pharmacology Endocrine pharmacology Renal pharmacology Miscellaneous pharmacology Respiratory pharmacology

Questions

Hazards of irrational use of medicines are

ক

Increased incidence of ADR

খ

Therapeutic failure

গ

Emergence of drug resistant microorganisms

ঘ

Inappropriate diagnosis

ঙ

Financial burden to health providers

The pharmacokinetics in the elderly are altered due to

ক

Increase in enzyme induction

খ

Decreased in renal clearance

গ

Increase in percentage of body fat

ঘ

Reduction in lean body mass

ঙ

Increase in total body water

Plant alkaloids are

ক

Vincristine

খ

Vinblastine

গ

Doxorubicin

ঘ

Cisplatin

ঙ

Methotrexate

A highly ionized drug

ক

Is excreted mainly by kidney

খ

Cannot cross the placental barrier easily

গ

Is well absorbed from the intestine

ঘ

Accumulates in cellular lipids

ঙ

Can easily cross blood brain barrier

Most drugs

ক

Are either weak acids or weak bases

খ

Can explore or modify physiological system

গ

Are distributed on their pKa and pH gradient across the membrane

ঘ

When non-ionized are lipid insoluble

ঙ

If acidic

চ

accumulate more on acid side of membrane

In the laboratory testing of new drugs

ক

The LD50 (ratof a drug is the dose that will kill 50 percent of the rats injected.

খ

Teratogenicity tests examine the potential of a drug to produce congenital abnormalities if given during pregnancy.

গ

The carcinogenic potential of a drug is obvious when administered for about one-third of the lifespan of an animal.

ঘ

Information on carcinogenicity of compounds is obtained from acute toxicity tests.

ঙ

The therapeutic index is an indication of the potency of a drug

Irrational use of antibiotics may result in

ক

Development of resistance to antibiotics

খ

Superinfection

গ

Wastage of resources

ঘ

Prevention of infection

ঙ

Health status improvement

Bioavailability of a drug may be decreased if the drug is

ক

Water soluble

খ

Protein in nature

গ

Ionized

ঘ

Acid stable

ঙ

Lipid soluble

Causes of decreased bioavailability are

ক

High first pass metabolism

খ

Poor lipid solubility

গ

Increased absorption.

ঘ

Intravenous absorption of drugs

ঙ

Nonionization of drugs

Bioavailability of a drug is

ক

A fraction of unchanged drug in the systemic circulation

খ

Is affected by metabolism in the liver

গ

100% with intravenous route

ঘ

A measure of the rate of absorption of the drug

ঙ

Identical with different formulations of the same drug

Bioavailability of a drug after oral administration may be reduced by:

ক

Increased rate of first pass metabolism

খ

Enteric coating of a tablet that is labile in acid pH of stomach

গ

Interaction with other drugs

ঘ

Decreased gastric emptying time

ঙ

Increased gastrointestinal blood flow

Bioavailability of orally administered drug

ক

Depends on solubility status

খ

Depends on size of the particle

গ

Is not influenced by presence of food

ঘ

Does not depend on disintegration time

ঙ

Usually ranges between 60-70 percent

Drugs that can not be given orally are

ক

Benzyl penicillin

খ

Gentamicin

গ

Oxytocin

ঘ

Ampicillin

ঙ

Nitroglycerin

Drugs administered through the sublingual route

ক

Nifedipine

খ

Glyceryl trinitrate (GT

গ

Digoxin

ঘ

Carbamazepine

ঙ

Captopril

Routes of drug administration not having an absorption phase are

ক

Intravenous

খ

Subcutaneous

গ

Intramascular

ঘ

Sublingual

ঙ

Inhalational

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