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আধুনিক যুগ যাকে মধ্যযুগীয় দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি দ্বারা বিরোধিতা করা হয়েছিল তা ইতালিতে রেঁনেসা নামে শুরু হয়েছিল। প্রথম দিকে এটা পেট্রাউচের মতো বিখ্যাত কিছু মানুষের মধ্যে সীমাবদ্ধ ছিল কিন্তু পনের শতাব্দীতে তা ইতালির অধিকাংশ শিক্ষিত মানুষের মধ্যে সন্ন্যাসী থেকে যাজকমণ্ডলীর মধ্যে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। এটা ছিল অবশ্য মুক্তির জন্য একধাপ। এগুলো যেহেতু প্রাচীন কালে মানুষের মধ্যে মতবিরোধ ছিল এবং কোনটি অনুসরণ করা হবে তা একক কোনো ব্যক্তির সিদ্ধান্তের উপর নির্ভর করতো। 

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Of all the amusements which can possible be imagined for a hard-working man, after his day’s toil, there is nothing like reading an entertaining book. It calls for no bodily exertion of which he has had enough. It relieves his home of its dullness. It transports him to lovelier and more interesting scenes; and while he enjoys these, he may forget the evils of the present moment. Nay, it accompanies him to his day’s work, and if the book he has been reading be anything above the very idlest and lightest, it gives him something to think about during the drudgery of his everyday occupation. If I were to pray for a taste which should stand me in good stead under every variety of circumstances and be a source of happiness and cheerfulness through life, it would be a taste for reading. Give a man this taste and the means of gratifying it, and you will never fail to make him happy, unless indeed you put into his hands the most perverse selection of books. You place him with the best society in every period of history, with the wisest, the wittiest, the tenders, the bravest and the purest characters which have adorned humanity. You make him a citizen of all nations, a contemporary of all ages. (Translate to Bangla)
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Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below.The Italian banking system became the model for those North European nations that would achieve the greatest commercial success in the coming centuries, notably the Dutch, the English, and the Swedes. It was in Amsterdam, London and Stockholm that the next decisive wave of financial or innovation occurred, as the forerunners of modern central banks made their first appearance. The seventeenth century saw the foundation of three distinctly novel institutions that, in their differen in ways, were intended to serve a public as well as a private financial function. The Amsterdam Exchange Bank, i.e. the Wisselbank, was set up in 1609 to resolve the practical problems created for merchants by the circulation of multiple currencies in the United Provinces, where there were no fewer than fourteen different mints and copious quantities of foreign coins. By allowing merchants to set up accounts denominated in a standardized currency, the Exchange Bank pioneered the system of cheques and direct debits or transfers that we take for granted today. This allowed more and more commercial transactions to take place without the need for the sums involved to materialize in actual coins. Financial historians disagree as to how far the growth of banking after the seventeenth century can be credited with the acceleration of economic growth that began in Britain in the late eighteenth 20 5 century and then spread to Western Europe, North America and Australasia. But banks played a more important role in continental European industrialization than they did in England's.a) Where did the precursors of modern central banks make their first appearance? b) What practical problem was the Wisselbank required to resolve in its initial days?c) How did the Amsterdam Exchange Bank respond to the demand of the age? d) What are the points of disagreement among the financial historians with respect to growth of banking vis-a-vis growth of economy? e) Choose a suitable title for above composition.
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Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: We, who live in the present day world, are proud to call ourselves civilized. Is it because we live and dress better than our forefathers? Of course, we have the advantages of the inventions of science which our ancestors had never known. But let us search our heart and ask ourselves, "Had science solved our problems?" Frankly speaking the answer is "no". In fact, science has added to our worries. Perhaps, now, we can kill more easily and swiftly than ever before. And then we have not given up the old habit of fighting. That is why we have wars after every decade or two. If we wish to be really civilized, let us learn to live in peace. Let us achieve the brotherhood of man.Questions:a) Why do we feel proud in the present-day world?b) Why do we call ourselves civilized? c) Has science made us truly civilized? Why?d) How can we become truly civilized? e) Write a suitable title of the passage.
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Write a precis of the following passage with a suitable title:Most men long for wealth, Wealth, they think, brings happiness. But often, wealth brings a deal of worry without much happiness. A millionaire is a very wealthy man, of course, but his great wealth is also a great responsibility. He may have many large estates and factories. Estates and factories usually need a lot of attention. There may be disputes between the millionaire and his workers over one trouble or another. These disputes may lead to strikes and conflicts, for which the millionaire may lose a lot of money. Or some gangster may kidnap the millionaire's child and demand a huge ransom for the safe return of the child. A very rich man, therefore, in spite of his great wealth, may not have an easy life. He has many worries. These worries may be greater than the worries of a poor man.
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Scaling up investments in green infrastructure , particularly in renewable energy will required leveling the playing field in competing with the traditional carbon emission, by redirecting support subsidies and incentives towards the green alternatives and away from traditional ones in the domestic scene; as also by opening up to imports from green source abroad . Such reforms are typically slow, beset with challenge of overcoming resistance of vested interests in traditional business as usual options. Multilateral development financing institutions like the world Bank and ABD can take large role in helping developing economy governments with know how and resource support in green IFC investments. Bangladesh Bank is working with IFC in promoting the privet sector’s awareness of green growth opportunities, to draw investors increasingly into green investment, local , foreign owned joint venture. (Translate into Bangla)
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Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought. A theory however elegant and economical must be rejected or revised if it is untrue; likewise laws and institutions no matter how efficient and will arranged must be reformed or abolished if they are unjust. Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others. It does not allow that the sacrifices imposed on a few are outweighed by the larger sum of advantages enjoyed by many. Therefore, in a just society the liberties of equal citizenship are taken as settled; the rights secured by justice are not subject to political bargaining o to the calculus of social interests. The only thing that permits us to acquiesce in an erroneous theory is the lack of a better one; analogously, an injustice is tolerable only when it is necessary to avoid an even greater injustice. Being first virtuous of human activities, truth and justice are uncompromising. (Translate into Bangla)
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Sher-e-Bangla AK Fazlul Huq is a legendary figure in Bengal and All-India politics and in the lamentations over some of his past actions and decisions. But to delve into those is hardly possible history of movements for social change. Like many other leaders in public life, Fazlul Huq had his in a short piece like this one. Fazlul Huq lived a life of dignity and honour. Of course, there were Occasions when circumstances around him were not all that pleasant. At times he had to confront Ray, the great scientist, as a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity on which depended the future existence resentful critics often misunderstanding his intent and purpose. Fazlul Huq was considered by P.C of Bengali nation was depended. P. C. Ray, Fazlul Huq's one-time teacher, said he did not understand the Indian nationalism of the Congress. He knew only Bengali nationalism. And he believed that only Fazlul Huq could establish this nationalism. (Translate into Bangla)
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It is not clear that the current global regulatory reform initiatives will be enough to dissuade banks and financial institutions from risky speculative behavior that lead to recurrent instability. A fundamental reorientation of their corporate goals and objectives towards conducting business in socially responsible manner is perhaps needed for this. Only such a basic reorientation can perhaps draw them away lastingly from socially harmful unproductive speculative investments towards inclusive financing of productive, pursuits of all population segments in all economic sectors; harnessing and fostering creative energies of the entire working age population. Already growing in sidelines in many developing and developed economies, this socially responsible inclusive financing orientation has been chosen by Bangladesh Bank as the mainstream approach for the financial sector in Bangladesh. Initial results look promising. (Translate into Bangla)
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