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Option 3 : A, B, C and D only
The sage Gotama established Nyaya school.
- Nyāya origins can be traced back to old debate and reasoning traditions
- According to the Nyāya theory of causality, a cause is an unconditional and invariable antecedent of an effect.
- According to the Nyāya school, there are four legitimate modes of gaining knowledge:
- Pratyakṣa (Perception)
- Anumāna (Inference):
- Upamāna(Comparison)
- Śabda (Testimony)
- Pratyakṣa (perception) is the most important concept in Nyāya epistemology. There are two sorts of perceptions: laukika (ordinary) and alaukika (exceptional) (extraordinary).
- Anumāna (inference) is one of the most important contributions of the Nyāya. It can be of two types: inference for oneself and inference for others.
- Śabda means relying on words and testimony of experts.
- Hiriyanna explains Śabda-pramanas as a concept that means the testimony of a reliable and trustworthy person (āptavākya).
- Upamāna is the Sanskrit word for analogy and comparison. Upamāna can be explained by a tourist who has never visited areas or islands with endemic wildlife populations.
Therefore, Pratyakṣa, Anumāna, Upamāna, Śabda are following pramanas that are accepted by the Nyāya School.
- The Nyaya school of Hinduism is closer to the Vaisheshika school of Hinduism in terms of metaphysics than the others.
- In Indian philosophy, Arthāpatti (Sanskrit: "the occurrence of a case") is the fifth of the five modes of knowing (pramana) via which one receives precise knowledge of the world.
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