For measuring, do I use the diameter or circumference?

I would use ones that are small in diameter with small, rounded heads. Make sure they are long enough to grip into something solid after they've penetrated the shoe moulding...

These are just suggestions. You can tweak the recipe however you want.

Anything is okay, as long as it fits through the casing. A good choice would be anywhere from 6-12mm, depending on what style of fabric you are using.

The burn test is effective for determining the presence of alcohol. It does not tell you the amount of alcohol. It is also destructive (uses fire), and burns the alcohol...

You would measure from the tip to the very beginning of the chamber. (This is the most common method of measuring barrel length.)

That depends on the type of sleeve you're making. However, in general, start at the top of the shoulder, then measure down around the elbow and to the wrist bone.

It's best to have your elbow slightly bent when you're taking a sleeve measurement. Your sleeve will ride up a little when you bend your arms, and if you take...