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If you look at the group numbers of non-transition metals, they can tell you charges. For example, Chlorine (Cl) is in group 17 (7A). This tells me that there are 7 valence electrons in Cl & that it only needs 1 more electron to have a full valence shell, and therefore a charge of (-1). If you try that with Group 5,6,7 elements, you will find the pattern (-3, -2, -1) for their charges. It gets more complicated if you have polyatomic ions, since the charge determination involves some calculation. Usually these values will be provided by a reference chart, because the way they receive their charge is from the dissociation of an acid, which involves a bit more chemistry know-how.

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