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What are the materials which exhibit electric polarization even in the absence of an applied electrical field?

What are the materials which exhibit electric polarization even in the absence of an applied electrical field? Correct Answer Ferroelectric

Explanation:

Properties of Antiferroelectric Material:

  • Antiferroelectric material can exhibit electric polarization even in absence of an applied electric field (spontaneous polarization).
  • By varying, the direction of the field applied we can invert the direction of polarization.
  • It is analogous to the antiferromagnetic material.
  • Examples: PbZrO3 (Lead Zirconate), NH4H2PO4 (ADP: Ammonium dihydrogen Phosphate), NaNbO3 (Sodium Niobate)
  • Application: Supercapacitors, Used in integration with ferromagnetic materials, High energy storage devices, etc

 

Properties of Ferroelectric material:

  • It has a parallel arrangement of the dipole and all dipoles become parallel after the applied electric field.
  • It can also maintain the polarisation even once the field is removed.
  • Polarization can be reversed by reversing the applied electric field.
  • Above Curie temperature, it acts as a piezoelectric material.
  • It is analogous to the ferromagnetic material.
  • Example: BaTiO3, PbTiO3, Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), Triglycine Sulphate, PVDF, Lithium tantalite, etc.
  • Application: Thermistors, Oscillators, Non-volatile memory, Filters, Capacitors, Light deflectors, Trans chargers, Electro-optic materials, Modulators, Piezoelectric, Display, etc

 

Properties of Paramagnetic Material:

  • Atomic dipole exists.
  • The net magnetic dipole moment is zero without an external magnetic field.
  • On applying an external magnetic field, the atomic dipole aligns in the direction of the applied magnetic field.
  • Atomic dipole alignment increased with an increase in external field strength and decreased with temperature.
  • They are weakly attracted to the external magnetic field.
  • The value of susceptibility is positive and very small in the order of 10-3 to 10-6.
  • The value of relative permeability is slightly greater than 1.
  • Example: Sodium, Aluminium, Gold, Copper, etc

 

Properties of Ferromagnetic Material:

  • Atomic dipole exists just like Paramagnetic material.
  • On applying an external magnetic field, the atomic dipole aligns in the same direction as the applied magnetic field.
  • They are strongly attracted to the external magnetic field.
  • The value of susceptibility is positive and large.
  • The value of relative permeability is much greater than 1.
  • Above Curie temperature, it acts as paramagnetic material.
  • Example: Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, etc

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