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When two or more successive footnotes refer to the same work, which one of the following is used ?

When two or more successive footnotes refer to the same work, which one of the following is used ? Correct Answer ibid

In research papers and reports, footnotes commonly acknowledge the sources of facts and quotations that appear in the text. Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of a page. They cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it.

"Ibid"

  • (the abbreviation for "ibidem", meaning "in the same place") refers to the work cited in the preceding footnote or to the preceding work within the same footnote.
  • The term should not be used when the preceding footnote includes more than one source.
  • It is used when repeat footnote indicators are not used and to replace those elements that are identical in the preceding footnote or the preceding work within the same footnote.
  • It is never used solely to replace the name of an author.
  • When different works by the same author are cited in consecutive footnotes, the author’s name is repeated in full each time.

Hence, it is clear from the above points that "Ibid" is used when two or more successive footnotes refer to the same work.

NOTE-

et.al- Depending on the number of authors a source has, an APA in-text citation is shortened by using “et al.” (meaning “and others”) after the first author’s name. When there are six or more authors, cite the first author followed by “et al.” When a source has three, four, or five authors, list all authors the first time the source is cited. In all subsequent citations, give only the first author followed by “et al.”

op.cit- It is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase opere citato, meaning "in the work cited." It is used in an endnote or footnote to refer the reader to a previously cited work, standing in for repetition of the full title of the work. Op. cit. thus refers the reader to the bibliography, where the full citation of the work can be found, or to a full citation given in a previous footnote. 

loc.cit is a footnote or endnote term used to repeat the title and page number for a given work. Loc. cit. is used in place of ibid. when the reference is not only to the work immediately preceding, but also refers to the same page. Therefore, loc. cit. is never followed by volume or page numbers.

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