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What happens as a result of deficiency of antidiuretic hormone?

What happens as a result of deficiency of antidiuretic hormone? Correct Answer Diabetes Insipidus

Concept

  • The anti-diuretic hormone (Vasopressin) is produced by specific nerve cells in the hypothalamus, which is located at the base of the brain.
  • The hormone is transported along the nerve fibers (axons) of nerve cells to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is released into the bloodstream.

 


Important PointsMechanism of action of ADH Hormone

  • The anti-diuretic hormone works on the kidneys and blood arteries to assist manage blood pressure.
  • Its primary function is to conserve your body's fluid content by reducing kidney output. It accomplishes this by allowing urine to be reabsorbed into the body through a particular region of the kidney.
  • As a result, more water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream, urine concentration rises, and water loss decreases.
  • Anti-diuretic hormone concentrations above a certain threshold cause blood vessels to contract (narrow), raising blood pressure. Only by increasing water consumption can a shortage in bodily fluid (dehydration) be fully corrected.
  • This process produces concentrated urine, also known as hyperosmotic urine, which assists the human body to preserve water in times of dehydration or low blood volume, such as in hemorrhagic or edematous situations.

 

Release into the blood: factors that influence the releasing hormone from the pituitary gland into the bloodstream:

  • Sensors (baroreceptors) in the heart and big blood vessels detect a drop in blood volume or low blood pressure, which occurs with dehydration or a hemorrhage. These cause the release of anti-diuretic hormones.
  • Lowering of concentration of salts in the bloodstream rises, the anti-diuretic hormone is secreted.
  • Underlying disease condition

 


Key PointsDiabetes Insipidus (DI)

DI is a rare disorder in which the kidneys are unable to prevent the excretion of water.

  • Causes:
    • While Central DI is rare is caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland due to genetic problems; head injury; the problem with ADH- autoimmune disease (Hence option 1 is correct); and tumor of the pituitary.
    • Nephrogenic DI is caused by damage to the kidneys as a result kidneys do not respond to ADH. This may arise due to certain medications such as lithium; genetic problems; hypercalcemia and Kidney disease like polycystic kidney disease.

 Additional InformationKetoacidosis:

  • It is a complication of Diabetes Mellitus that happens when the body produces excessive amounts of blood acids called ketones that leads to Ketoacidosis.

Diabetes Mellitus

  • It is when the body is unable to create enough insulin. Lack of insulin in the body leads to the breaking down of fat for energy. If left untreated, this can progress to diabetic ketoacidosis.

Pellagra

  • The word 'pellagra' comes from the Italian word 'Pelle', which means sour or rough skin. Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency causes pellagra, a systemic illness. The 4 D's — dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and, if left untreated, it leads to death. 

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