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Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?

Apoptosis involves all but which of the following? Correct Answer Lysis of the cell

Concept:

  • Cells undergo different pathways to regulate the cellular activities like division of the cells, replication of DNA, lysis or degeneration of the damaged organelles. These processes are governed by a different set of enzymes like polymerases for replication, hydrolases for lysis etc.

Explanation: 

  • Apoptosis (from the Greek words apo = from and ptosis = falling) is an energy-dependent biochemical mechanism of programmed cell death.
  • It is a genetically programmed process that occurs normally during embryogenesis, metamorphosis and ageing.
  • For example, the differentiation of human fingers in a developing embryo requires the cells between the fingers to initiate apoptosis so that the fingers can separate.
  • Apoptosis also occurs as a defence mechanism such as in immune reactions or when cells are damaged by disease or noxious agents.
  • Apoptosis is the most common form of programmed cell death (PCD). 

    

Activation of cellular enzymes:

  • An enzyme is a biocatalyst that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the overall process.
  • Activation of enzymes can be best explained by Lock and Key model, given by Fischer according to this model if the right key fits inside the right lock, the lock will be opened otherwise it will not. Likewise, if the right enzyme fits into the right substrate, the drug will form, otherwise, it won’t. 
  • All the enzymes require an optimum temperature and environment to work efficiently.

 

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Cell-signalling pathway:

  • In order to respond to changes in their immediate environment, cells must be able to receive and process signals that originate outside their borders.
  • Individual cells often receive many signals simultaneously, and they then integrate the information they receive into a unified action plan. But cells aren't just targets. They also send out messages to other cells both near and far. This process of cell to cell interaction is the cell signalling pathway.
  • Cell sends and receives signals via neurotransmitters, these neurotransmitters are released from the end of one neuron and then received by the receptors present in the second neuron.

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  • Fragmentation of DNA occurs by a specific set of enzymes called restriction enzymes, these are of two types restriction - endonuclease and restriction - exonuclease.

NOTE- Cell lysis or cellular disruption is a method in which the outer boundary or cell membrane is broken down or destroyed in order to release inter-cellular materials such as DNA, RNA, protein or organelles from a cell. 

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There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, forworse, as his portion; that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on that plot of groundwhich is given to him to till. The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he hastried. Not for nothing one face, one character, one fact, makes much impression on him, and another none. This sculpture in the memory is not without pre-established harmony. The eye was placed where one ray should fall, that it might testify of that particular ray. We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed ofthat divine idea which each of us represents. It may be safely trusted as proportionate and of good issues, so it be faithfully imparted, but God will not have his workmade manifest by cowards. A man is relieved and gay when he has put his heart into his work and has done his best; but what he has said or done otherwise, shallgive him no peace. It is a deliverance which does not deliver. In the attempt his genius deserts him; no muse befriends; no invention, no hope. When is a man relieved and gay?