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Which of the following were the features of the Santhal uprising of 1855? (A) The area of uprising was called daman-i-koh (B) Tribals made a determined attempt to expel the outsiders (C) Rebels proclaimed the complete 'annihilation' of the alien regime (D) Tribals possessed latest weapons (E) Tribals were opposed by gwalas and lohars (milkmen and blacksmiths) Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Which of the following were the features of the Santhal uprising of 1855? (A) The area of uprising was called daman-i-koh (B) Tribals made a determined attempt to expel the outsiders (C) Rebels proclaimed the complete 'annihilation' of the alien regime (D) Tribals possessed latest weapons (E) Tribals were opposed by gwalas and lohars (milkmen and blacksmiths) Choose the correct answer from the options given below: Correct Answer (A), (B) and (C) only

Santhal uprising of 1855

  • The Santhals were given land and persuaded to settle in the foothills of Rajmahal. 
  • By 1832 a large area of land was demarcated as Damin-i-Koh. This was declared to be the land of the Santhals. 
  • They were to live within it, practise plough agriculture, and become settled peasants. 
  • The land grant to the Santhals stipulated that at least one-tenth of the area was to be cleared and cultivated within the first ten years. 
  • The territory was surveyed and mapped. Enclosed with boundary pillars, it was separated from both the world of the settled agriculturists of the plains and the Paharias of the hills. 
  • After the demarcation of Damin-i-Koh, Santhal settlements expanded rapidly. 
  • From 40 Santhal villages in the area in 1838, as many as 1,473 villages had come up by 1851. 
  • Over the same period, the Santhal population increased from a mere 3,000 to over 82,000. As cultivation expanded, an increased volume of revenue flowed into the Company’s coffers.
  • Santhal myths and songs of the nineteenth century refer very frequently to a long history of travel: they represent the Santhal past as one of continuous mobility, a tireless search for a place to settle. 
  • Here in the Damin-i-Koh, their journey seemed to have come to an end. When the Santhals settled on the peripheries of the Rajmahal hills, the Paharias resisted but were ultimately forced to withdraw deeper into the hills. 
  • Restricted from moving down to the lower hills and valleys, they were confined to the dry interior and to the more barren and rocky upper hills. This severely affected their lives, impoverishing them in the long term. 
  • Shifting agriculture depended on the ability to move to newer and newer land and utilisation of the natural fertility of the soil. When the most fertile soils became inaccessible to them, being part of the Damin, the Paharias could not effectively sustain their mode of cultivation. When the forests of the region were cleared for cultivation the hunters amongst them also faced problems. 
  • The Santhals, by contrast, gave up their earlier life of mobility and settled down, cultivating a range of commercial crops for the market, and dealing with traders and moneylenders.
  • The Santhals, however, soon found that the land they had brought under cultivation was slipping away from their hands. 
  • The state was levying heavy taxes on the land that the Santhals had cleared, moneylenders (dikus) were charging them high rates of interest and taking over the land when debts remained unpaid, and zamindars were asserting control over the Damin area. 
  • By the 1850s, the Santhals felt that the time had come to rebel against zamindars, moneylenders and the colonial state, in order to create an ideal world for themselves where they would rule. 
  • It was after the Santhal Revolt (1855-56) that the Santhal Pargana was created, carving out 5,500 square miles from the districts of Bhagalpur and Birbhum. 
  • The colonial state hoped that by creating a new territory for the Santhals and imposing some special laws within it, the Santhals could be conciliated.

Related Questions

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