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The average private rent in London accounts for more than a third of household income.

= লন্ডনে প্রত্যেক ব্যক্তির গড় ব্যক্তিগত ভাড়া তার পরিবারের আয়ের এক-তৃতীয়াংশ অপেক্ষা বেশি।

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Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below.The Italian banking system became the model for those North European nations that would achieve the greatest commercial success in the coming centuries, notably the Dutch, the English, and the Swedes. It was in Amsterdam, London and Stockholm that the next decisive wave of financial or innovation occurred, as the forerunners of modern central banks made their first appearance. The seventeenth century saw the foundation of three distinctly novel institutions that, in their differen in ways, were intended to serve a public as well as a private financial function. The Amsterdam Exchange Bank, i.e. the Wisselbank, was set up in 1609 to resolve the practical problems created for merchants by the circulation of multiple currencies in the United Provinces, where there were no fewer than fourteen different mints and copious quantities of foreign coins. By allowing merchants to set up accounts denominated in a standardized currency, the Exchange Bank pioneered the system of cheques and direct debits or transfers that we take for granted today. This allowed more and more commercial transactions to take place without the need for the sums involved to materialize in actual coins. Financial historians disagree as to how far the growth of banking after the seventeenth century can be credited with the acceleration of economic growth that began in Britain in the late eighteenth 20 5 century and then spread to Western Europe, North America and Australasia. But banks played a more important role in continental European industrialization than they did in England's.a) Where did the precursors of modern central banks make their first appearance? b) What practical problem was the Wisselbank required to resolve in its initial days?c) How did the Amsterdam Exchange Bank respond to the demand of the age? d) What are the points of disagreement among the financial historians with respect to growth of banking vis-a-vis growth of economy? e) Choose a suitable title for above composition.
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Appropriate central bank response to persistent fiscal dominance will vary according to specific country situations, but in all cases they need to be unrelenting in strong advocacy for fiscal restraint, insisting on stabilization of public debt and growth of tax bases in tandem with expansion of public expenditure, so as not to let sovereign borrowing levels strain financial stability. Also, central banks should maintain real interest rates at such levels to dissuade borrowing binge by public and private also be needed occasionally. Beside these steps in terms of traditional role in the private profit driven market economy framework, promotion of pursuit of socially responsible business ethos would help consulate stability, by curbing debt addiction and short term speculative profit seeking at the expense of log terms sustainability in the real and financial sectors. (Translate English to Bengali)
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Extreme poverty, as defined by the World Bank, meant not having enough income to meet the basic human needs for adequate food, water, shelter, clothing. sanitation, health care or education 2008, the Bank calculated that this requires a daily income that is the purchasing power equivalent of about USD 1.25 per day in the United States. That is not the foreign exchange equivalent of USD 1.25, which might not be so bad, because as everyone who travels from a rich country to a poor cr knows, the currencies of rich countries often have much greater purchasing power in poor countrie The World Bank's definition takes that difference into account: the poor earn only as much as buy, in their currency, the quantity of necessities the USD 1.25 will buy in the United States. Thr Bank estimates that 1.4 billion people have less income than this. (Translate into Bangla)
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Sher-e-Bangla AK Fazlul Huq is a legendary figure in Bengal and All-India politics and in the lamentations over some of his past actions and decisions. But to delve into those is hardly possible history of movements for social change. Like many other leaders in public life, Fazlul Huq had his in a short piece like this one. Fazlul Huq lived a life of dignity and honour. Of course, there were Occasions when circumstances around him were not all that pleasant. At times he had to confront Ray, the great scientist, as a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity on which depended the future existence resentful critics often misunderstanding his intent and purpose. Fazlul Huq was considered by P.C of Bengali nation was depended. P. C. Ray, Fazlul Huq's one-time teacher, said he did not understand the Indian nationalism of the Congress. He knew only Bengali nationalism. And he believed that only Fazlul Huq could establish this nationalism. (Translate into Bangla)
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