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Doctors Medicines MCQs Q&A

  1. (ii), (iv)
  2. (i), (iii)
  3. (i), (ii), (iii)
  4. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
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1 Answers

Option 3 : (i), (ii), (iii)

Lev Vygotsky is a Russian Psychologist who proposed the theory of Socio-cultural development. In this theory, Vygotsky emphasizes the role of society and culture in the development of the child. 

 According to Lev Vygotsky, Cultural tools and Social interaction facilitate the cognitive development of children.

Cultural tools:

  • Lev Vygotsky's social-cultural perspective of learning emphasizes the importance of cultural tools in the process of cognitive development.
  • Cultural tools are the main determinant of cognitive development and learning. They play a significant role in human intellectual development and how humans perceive the world. 
  • Learning takes place through the interaction between the child and the culture. Different cultures play a vital role in shaping the abilities and behaviors of a child and work as a tool of intellectual adaptation.​  
    • Example: Maps, Language, traditions, calculators, books, and media, are the basic source of cultural tools.
  • Hence, Maps, language, and calculators of cultural tools aid and change our functioning as per Lev Vygotsky's theory.​

 Vygotsky also proposed three basic needs of students during learning, these are Zone of proximal development (ZPD), Scaffolding, and Making knowledgeable others (MKO).

  • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The concept of MKO is closely related to ZPD. According to Vygotsky, ZPD is the difference between the present level of development attained without anyone’s assistance and the potential level of development that can be attained under the guidance of MKO.
  • Scaffolding: Scaffolding is the term, given by Vygotsky, in which he proposed that the temporary help given by the teachers, family, friends, etc. to the children in his learning. 
  • MKO (more knowledgeable others): Vygotsky defined the “More Knowledgeable Other” (MKO) as anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, particularly in regards to a specific task, concept, or process. MKO could be teachers, parents, tutors, and even peers.
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