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Option 2 : 1, 2 and 4

  • Phase controlled converters at small values of output voltage inject large harmonics into the utility system.
  • These converters produce notches in the line voltage waveform.
  • Because of high ripple content in the converter output, motor heating and commutation problems are serious.
  • Due to the non-sinusoidal nature of current & switching action, there is more possibility of interference with communication networks.
  • At small values of output voltage, these operate at a very poor power factor as well as a poor displacement factor.
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