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In the, 'Developmental stages of Reading' when the child becomes aware of the ways in which letters are combined leading to distinct sounds, is referred to as

In the, 'Developmental stages of Reading' when the child becomes aware of the ways in which letters are combined leading to distinct sounds, is referred to as Correct Answer Orthographic stage

Developmental stages of Reading
Uta Frith gave a theory on the stages of the acquisition of written language, derived mainly through her research and practice into how children learn to read. It is widely accepted as the standard model of reading acquisition in alphabetic systems. Not all readers will go through all of these phases (for instance, dyslexic learners often get stuck at the alphabetic stage, or never master it and move on to the orthographic). Both ‘whole words’ (or ‘look and say’) and ‘phonics’ have their place in the teaching of basic literacy, but the eventual aim is to bring readers to the orthographic stage. 

1. Logographic (Symbolic stage)

  • Initially, the child processes words in the same way as any other visual object or symbol and recognizes them instantly.
  • Thus, a limited number of familiar whole words are identified through their crude visual features such as shape or size, e.g. their name, names of close family, shops, common signs such as the ‘M’ for MacDonalds.
  • Children at this stage are not aware that individual letters and letter combinations represent specific sounds.

2. Alphabetic:

  • In this stage, the child needs to visually represent words in a different format from other objects or symbols and the concept of letter/sound relationship develops.
  • The child acquires an explicit knowledge of phonemes, their correspondences with letters, and how to merge those sounds into words, as with c - at or c - a – t.
  • Letter order and phonological factors play a crucial role, readers begin to develop ‘word attack’ skills and start to decode unfamiliar (and even nonsense) words.
  • There has been some debate on whether children reach this stage as part of natural development, or whether the act of learning to read stimulates the development of alphabetic skills.
  • In other words, non-readers will need to develop ‘phoneme awareness’ and they are most likely to do this through developing literacy skills.

3. Orthographic:

  • This stage is reached when readers do not need to sound out words on a regular basis but can recognize a large number of words automatically and instantly access their meaning, matching them to an internal lexicon that they have built up in the previous stages.
  • Repeated exposure to the same words enables the child to store whole-word grapheme sequences in an orthographic lexicon.
  • It is a much faster process than phonological analysis (i.e. having to 'sound out' words).
  • Proficient readers are the ones who have reached this stage, and they only need to 'sound out' unfamiliar words.

Hence, In the 'Developmental stages of Reading' when the child becomes aware of the ways in which letters are combined leading to distinct sounds, is referred to as the Orthographic stage.

 

Related Questions

The question below consists of a set of labelled sentences in which first and the last sentence is given. Out of the four options given, select the most logical order of the sentences to form a coherent paragraph. S1- Reading books has a lot of psychological benefits. P- It is helpful for gaining lots of knowledge and information but reading a good book is healthier for our brain and a completely different experience. Q- When it comes to reading, most of us these days are addicted to reading online blogs, articles, stories and tweets. R- Those who have a habit of reading are aware of the pleasure and value of reading books then.  S- They know its magic and power that renders knowledge and makes one wiser.  S6- It does wonder for our brains as it is the activity that helps us focus. Reading is the best exercise for your brains.
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives and click the button corresponding to it.
Dyslexia is a perceptual disorder often occurring in persons of normal, or even above average intelligence. The reader is unable to perceive correctly what is on a page. Letters and numbers often appear reversed: "b" seems to be "d","quite" is "quiet" and "from" is "form". The reader tends to leave out letters or words or insert words or letters that are not there. Vowel and consonant sounds may be confused. Many dyslexics are left­handed or able to write with either hand. They often confuse left and right. Learning to speak may also be delayed beyond infancy. The condition seems to be inherited. It may persist into adulthood. However, with early recognition and specialized approaches to teaching reading, most dyslexics can learn to read. Some researchers believe that latent dyslexia may be aggravated by the way reading is taught. The modern whole­word, or look­and­say, method seems to be more of a hindrance to learning for dyslexics than it is for ordinary pupils. The phonetic method of teaching students to learn letters and sound them out appears to achieve better reading results. The problem of words that cannot be sounded out ­ such as rough, laugh or through ­ is not solved by phonetics. These words must simply be memorized. However, for children with dyslexia the problem can be compounded by the failure of parents or teachers to recognize the condition. This can easily lead to emotional problems for dyslexic children, who cannot understand their failure to keep up with their classmates.
In Dyslexia, letters and figures often appear __________
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives and click the button corresponding to it.
Dyslexia is a perceptual disorder often occurring in persons of normal, or even above average intelligence. The reader is unable to perceive correctly what is on a page. Letters and numbers often appear reversed: "b" seems to be "d","quite" is "quiet" and "from" is "form". The reader tends to leave out letters or words or insert words or letters that are not there. Vowel and consonant sounds may be confused. Many dyslexics are left­handed or able to write with either hand. They often confuse left and right. Learning to speak may also be delayed beyond infancy. The condition seems to be inherited. It may persist into adulthood. However, with early recognition and specialized approaches to teaching reading, most dyslexics can learn to read. Some researchers believe that latent dyslexia may be aggravated by the way reading is taught. The modern whole­word, or look­and­say, method seems to be more of a hindrance to learning for dyslexics than it is for ordinary pupils. The phonetic method of teaching students to learn letters and sound them out appears to achieve better reading results. The problem of words that cannot be sounded out ­ such as rough, laugh or through ­ is not solved by phonetics. These words must simply be memorized. However, for children with dyslexia the problem can be compounded by the failure of parents or teachers to recognize the condition. This can easily lead to emotional problems for dyslexic children, who cannot understand their failure to keep up with their classmates.
Dyslexia, often occurring in persons of normal, or even above average intelligence, is a __________
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives and click the button corresponding to it.
Dyslexia is a perceptual disorder often occurring in persons of normal, or even above average intelligence. The reader is unable to perceive correctly what is on a page. Letters and numbers often appear reversed: "b" seems to be "d","quite" is "quiet" and "from" is "form". The reader tends to leave out letters or words or insert words or letters that are not there. Vowel and consonant sounds may be confused. Many dyslexics are left­handed or able to write with either hand. They often confuse left and right. Learning to speak may also be delayed beyond infancy. The condition seems to be inherited. It may persist into adulthood. However, with early recognition and specialized approaches to teaching reading, most dyslexics can learn to read. Some researchers believe that latent dyslexia may be aggravated by the way reading is taught. The modern whole­word, or look­and­say, method seems to be more of a hindrance to learning for dyslexics than it is for ordinary pupils. The phonetic method of teaching students to learn letters and sound them out appears to achieve better reading results. The problem of words that cannot be sounded out ­ such as rough, laugh or through ­ is not solved by phonetics. These words must simply be memorized. However, for children with dyslexia the problem can be compounded by the failure of parents or teachers to recognize the condition. This can easily lead to emotional problems for dyslexic children, who cannot understand their failure to keep up with their classmates.
People suffering from dyslexia are often ___________
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives and click the button corresponding to it.
Dyslexia is a perceptual disorder often occurring in persons of normal, or even above average intelligence. The reader is unable to perceive correctly what is on a page. Letters and numbers often appear reversed: "b" seems to be "d","quite" is "quiet" and "from" is "form". The reader tends to leave out letters or words or insert words or letters that are not there. Vowel and consonant sounds may be confused. Many dyslexics are left­handed or able to write with either hand. They often confuse left and right. Learning to speak may also be delayed beyond infancy. The condition seems to be inherited. It may persist into adulthood. However, with early recognition and specialized approaches to teaching reading, most dyslexics can learn to read. Some researchers believe that latent dyslexia may be aggravated by the way reading is taught. The modern whole­word, or look­and­say, method seems to be more of a hindrance to learning for dyslexics than it is for ordinary pupils. The phonetic method of teaching students to learn letters and sound them out appears to achieve better reading results. The problem of words that cannot be sounded out ­ such as rough, laugh or through ­ is not solved by phonetics. These words must simply be memorized. However, for children with dyslexia the problem can be compounded by the failure of parents or teachers to recognize the condition. This can easily lead to emotional problems for dyslexic children, who cannot understand their failure to keep up with their classmates.
Dyslexia may ___________
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives and click the button corresponding to it.
Dyslexia is a perceptual disorder often occurring in persons of normal, or even above average intelligence. The reader is unable to perceive correctly what is on a page. Letters and numbers often appear reversed: "b" seems to be "d","quite" is "quiet" and "from" is "form". The reader tends to leave out letters or words or insert words or letters that are not there. Vowel and consonant sounds may be confused. Many dyslexics are left­handed or able to write with either hand. They often confuse left and right. Learning to speak may also be delayed beyond infancy. The condition seems to be inherited. It may persist into adulthood. However, with early recognition and specialized approaches to teaching reading, most dyslexics can learn to read. Some researchers believe that latent dyslexia may be aggravated by the way reading is taught. The modern whole­word, or look­and­say, method seems to be more of a hindrance to learning for dyslexics than it is for ordinary pupils. The phonetic method of teaching students to learn letters and sound them out appears to achieve better reading results. The problem of words that cannot be sounded out ­ such as rough, laugh or through ­ is not solved by phonetics. These words must simply be memorized. However, for children with dyslexia the problem can be compounded by the failure of parents or teachers to recognize the condition. This can easily lead to emotional problems for dyslexic children, who cannot understand their failure to keep up with their classmates.
The problem of perception can be compounded by the failure of parents and teachers to
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