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Consider the following statements. (a) The main aim of the Deep Ocean mission is to explore and extract polymetallic nodules. (b)  World Ocean Council (WOC) allots the ‘area’ for deep-sea mining. Select the incorrect answer using the code given below :

Consider the following statements. (a) The main aim of the Deep Ocean mission is to explore and extract polymetallic nodules. (b)  World Ocean Council (WOC) allots the ‘area’ for deep-sea mining. Select the incorrect answer using the code given below : Correct Answer (b) only

The correct answer is (b) only.

  • The International Seabed Authority (ISA), an autonomous international organisation established under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, allots the ‘area’ for deep-sea mining. Hence, Statement (b) is incorrect.

Important Points

  • Polymetallic nodules :
    • These are small potato-like rounded accretions composed of minerals such as, 
      • Manganese
      • Nickel
      • Cobalt
      • Copper
      • Iron hydroxide 
    • They can be found in the Indian Ocean floor at depths of about 6 km and the size can vary from a few millimetres to centimetres.
    • Application :
      • Electronic devices
      • Smartphones 
      • Batteries
      • Solar panels

Key Points

  • India was the first country to receive the status of a 'Pioneer Investor' in 1987.
  • The area of about 1.5 lakh km2  has been allotted to India in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) for nodule exploration.
  • In 2002, India signed a contract with the ISA and after complete resource analysis of the seabed, 50% of the area was surrendered and the country retained an area of 75,000 sq km. 
  • According to the Ministry of Earth Sciences, the estimated polymetallic nodule resource potential in this area is 380 million tonnes (MT), containing 4.7 MT of nickel, 4.29 MT of copper, 0.55 MT of cobalt and 92.59 MT of manganese.
  • Apart from the CIOB, polymetallic nodules have been identified from the central Pacific Ocean. It is known as the Clarion-Clipperton Zone.

Additional Information

  • Environmental Impact on Oceans : 
    • According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), these deep remote locations can be home to unique species.
      • They have adapted themselves to conditions such as poor oxygen and sunlight, high pressure and extremely low temperatures.
    • Such mining expeditions can make them go extinct even before they are known to science.
    • The deep sea’s biodiversity and ecology remain poorly understood, making it difficult to assess the environmental impact and frame adequate guidelines.
    • Environmentalists are also worried about the sediment plumes that will be generated as the suspended particles can rise to the surface harming the filter feeders in the upper ocean layers.
    • Also, concerns have been raised about the noise and light pollution from the mining vehicles and oil spills from the operating vessels.
  • Deep-sea mining :

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