Calculate the chemical potential if the molar volume is given as 5 mm3/mol? (Given the value of radius as 4mm and the interfacial energy γ is 8 kJ/mm2?

Calculate the chemical potential if the molar volume is given as 5 mm3/mol? (Given the value of radius as 4mm and the interfacial energy γ is 8 kJ/mm2? Correct Answer 20

The effect of the pressure difference caused by a curved boundary is to create a difference in free energy (ΔG) or chemical potential (Δμ) that drives the atoms across the boundary. In a pure metal ΔG and Δμ are identical and are given by ΔG = 2γV/r. This free energy difference can be thought of as a force pulling the grain boundary towards the grain with the higher free energy.

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Modern civilization is completely dependent on energy, which has therefore to be abundant and also economical. About 85% of the world's energy is supplied by oil, coal and natural gas while nuclear, hydro, wind and solar power and biomass supply the rest. Coal, nuclear and hydro are used primarily to generate electricity while natural gas is widely used for heating. Biomass is used both for heating and cooking. The wind and solar power is the future's hope as they are sustainable energy sources. Oil powers almost all machines that move and that makes oil uniquely versatile. Oil powered airplanes carry 500 people across the widest oceans at nearly the speed of sound. Oil powered machines produce and transport food. Oil powered machines are ubiquitous. Clearly, we live in the age of oil but it is drawing to a close. According to data available if oil production remains constant until it's gone, there is enough to last 42 years. Oil wells will produce less as they become depleted, which will make it impossible to keep production constant. Similarly natural gas and coal will last another 61 years and 133 years respectively. Naturally, as they become scarce, they become expensive, leading to a worldwide energy crisis. If we are to survive on this planet, we have to make a transition to sustainable energy sources. The transition may be willy-nilly or planned - the choice is ours. The dawning era of limited and expensive energy will be very difficult for everyone on earth but will be even more difficult if it is not anticipated. It is of utmost importance that the public and policymakers understand the global energy crisis and act in tandem to ensure that the species 'homo sapiens' does not become extinct. Biomass is an energy source used in