Which of the following metal(s) produces metal oxide at a metal-scale interface?

Which of the following metal(s) produces metal oxide at a metal-scale interface? Correct Answer Titanium, Niobium, and Zirconium

Titanium, Niobium, Zirconium, Hafnium, and Tantalum are the metals that produce metal oxides at the metal-scale interface. It is due to the predominant diffusion of oxygen-ion rather than metallic cation.

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