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With reference to Harappan seals, consider the following statements: 1. The purpose of producing seals was mainly commercial. 2. The standard Harappan seal was a square plaque 2×2 square inches, usually made from the soft river stone, steatite, but no seal was made of gold and ivory. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to Harappan seals, consider the following statements: 1. The purpose of producing seals was mainly commercial. 2. The standard Harappan seal was a square plaque 2×2 square inches, usually made from the soft river stone, steatite, but no seal was made of gold and ivory. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Correct Answer 1 only

The correct answer is 1 only.

Important Points

  • ​Archaeologists have discovered thousands of seals, usually made of steatite, and occasionally of agate, chert, copper, faience and terracotta, with beautiful figures of animals, such as unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo, etc. at various sites of Indus valley.
  • The purpose of producing seals was mainly commercial. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • It appears that the seals were also used as amulets, carried on the persons of their owners, perhaps as modern-day identity cards.
  • Every seal is engraved in a pictographic script which is yet to be deciphered.
  • They all bear a great variety of motifs, most often of animals including those of the bull, with or without the hump, the elephant, tiger, goat and also monsters.

Mistake Points

  • The standard Harappan seal was a square plaque 2×2 square inches, usually made from the soft river stone, steatite.
  • Some seals have also been found in gold and ivory. Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct.

Additional Information

  • Sometimes trees or human figures were also depicted.
  • The most remarkable seal is the one depicted with a figure in the centre and animals around.
    • This seal is generally identified as the Pashupati Seal by some scholars whereas some identify it as the female deity.
    • This seal depicts a human figure seated cross-legged.
    • An elephant and a tiger are depicted to the right side of the seated figure, while on the left a rhinoceros and a buffalo are seen.

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The Amazon basin has been continuously inhabited for at least 10, 000 years, possibly more. Its earliest inhabitants were stone-age peoples, living in hundreds of far-flung tribes, some tiny, others numbering in the tens of thousands. It was from the west that Europeans explorers first arrived. In 1541 a Spanish expedition from Quito, led by Gonzalo Pizarro, ran short of supplies while exploring east of the Andes in what is today Peru. Pizarros cousin Francisco de Orellana offered to take 60 men along with the boats from the expedition and forage for supplies. De Orellana floated down the Rio Napo to its confluence with the Amazon, near Iquitos (Peru), and then to the mouth of the Amazon. Along the way his expedition suffered numerous attacks by Indians; some of the Indian warriors, they reported, were female, like the Amazons of Greek mythology, and thus the worlds greatest river got its name. No one made a serious effort to claim this sweaty territory, however, until the Portuguese built a fort near the mouth of the river at Belém in 1616, and sent Pedro Teixeira up the river to Quito and back between 1637 and 1639. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Portuguese bandeirantes (groups of roaming adventurers) penetrated ever further into the rain forest in pursuit of gold and Indian slaves, exploring as far as present-day Rondônia, and the Guaporé and Madeira river valleys. Amazonian Indians had long used the sap from rubber trees to make waterproof bags and other items. European explorers recognized the potential value of natural latex, but were unable to market it because it tended to grow soft in the heat, or brittle in the cold, and thus had limited appeal outside the rain forest. However, in 1842 American Charles Goodyear developed vulcanization (made natural rubber durable) and in 1890 Irelands John Dunlop patented pneumatic rubber tires. Soon there was an unquenchable demand for rubber in the recently industrialized USA and Europe, and the price of rubber on international markets soared. As profits skyrocketed, so did exploitation of the seringueiros, or rubber tappers, who were lured into the Amazon, mostly from the drought-stricken northeast, by the promise of prosperity only to be locked into a cruel system of virtual slavery dominated by seringalistas (owners of rubber-bearing forests). Rigged scales, hired guns, widespread illiteracy among the rubber tappers, and monopoly of sales and purchases all combined to perpetuate the workers debt and misery. In addition, seringueiros had to contend with jungle fevers, Indian attacks and all manner of deprivation.
Seringalistas refers to
Consider the following statements. 1. The bronze statues of Harappan civilization were made using the “lost wax” technique 2. In the Indus Valley Civilization, the style of script is Brahmi. 3. The seals were mostly made up of steatite. Which of the above statement/s is/are correct?
Given below are three quantities named 1, 2 and 3. Based on the given information, you have to determine the relationship between the three quantities. You should use the given data and knowledge of Mathematics to choose between the possible answer. Quantity 1: Area of the innermost square. A square is made by joining the midpoints of a square of area 200 sq. m. The outermost square is called Square 1, The square inside it is called Square 2. The next square is made by joining midpoints of square 2 and is called Square 3. This process goes on. Square 5 is the innermost square. Quantity 2: A man starts with a speed of 10 km/hr. He increases his speed by 10 km/hr every hour at the start and drives at the same speed for that hour. If he traveled a total distance of 550 km. Find the time Quantity 3: Height of cylinder Its volume is equal to the volume of a cone whose radius is 14 cm and height is 39.3 cm. The radius of the cylinder is 14 cm
Which of the following is / are the most distinctive artefacts of the Harappan Civilisation? 1. Steatite seal 2. Bricks of a standardized ratio 3. Gold bangles 4. Silver spittoon Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Statements : Some envelops are gums. Some gums are seals. Some seals are adhesives.

Conclusions :
I. Some envelopes are seals.
II. Some gums are adhesives.
III. Some adhesives are seals.
IV. Some adhesives are gums.