Bissoy.com
Doctors Medicines MCQs Q&A

A 29-year-old primigravida comes to the obstetrician for a prenatal visit. She is known to be HIV positive. She also has asthma, for which she uses an inhaler. She has no known drug allergies Extensive counselling is given to her regarding vertical transmission of HIV to her baby. It is recommended to her that she take antiretroviral therapy during the pregnancy to decrease the vertical transmission rate. It is also recommended to her that she have a scheduled Cesarean delivery. After consideration of these options, the patient chooses not to take the antiretroviral therapy and opts for a vaginal delivery. Which of the following represents the approximate risk of vertical transmission for this woman:

A 29-year-old primigravida comes to the obstetrician for a prenatal visit. She is known to be HIV positive. She also has asthma, for which she uses an inhaler. She has no known drug allergies Extensive counselling is given to her regarding vertical transmission of HIV to her baby. It is recommended to her that she take antiretroviral therapy during the pregnancy to decrease the vertical transmission rate. It is also recommended to her that she have a scheduled Cesarean delivery. After consideration of these options, the patient chooses not to take the antiretroviral therapy and opts for a vaginal delivery. Which of the following represents the approximate risk of vertical transmission for this woman: Correct Answer 25%

Explanation

  • According to UNAIDS, 34 million people are infected with HIV.
  • Passage of pathogen from mother to baby immediately before and after birth is called Vertical transmission.

Additional Information

  •  The rate and risk of vertical transmission is based on;
    • Involvement of Intervention.
    • Presence of anti-retroviral drug therapy.
    • Immune status.
  • Absence of intervention and absence of ARV cause 15%-45% risk.
  • With ARV treatment the vertical transmission risk is reduced up to 2%.
  • In the Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan region, without ARV, The risk is 25%.

Related Questions

A 26-year-old primigravida woman comes to the labor and delivery ward at term with regular, painful contractions. Her prenatal course was unremarkable. She has a past medical history suggestive of mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation which is demonstrated on echocardiography. She takes no medications and has no allergies to medications. Examination shows that her cervix is 4 centimeters dilated and the fetus is in vertex presentation. The fetal heart rate is reassuring. Which of the following is the most appropriate management for this woman:
W, a married woman lived with her husband, along with a six month old baby, but her life was miserable as her husband frequently used to beat her. She wanted to go to her pursued but her husband threatened to beat her if she dares to do so. But one day when W was missing the husband perused her and found that she was going to her parents with the baby. When W turned around and found her husband running towards her, panic stricken she along with the baby jumped into a well. The baby died but she survived. She was prosecuted for the death of the baby. What offence if any has been committed by her?
With reference to ‘HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Bill, 2017’, consider which of the following statements is/are true? 1. It seeks to prevent and control the spread of HIV and AIDS, prohibits discrimination against persons with HIV and AIDS. 2. It makes anti-retroviral therapy a legal right of HIV/AIDS patient. 3. It has provisions to safeguard the property rights of HIV positive people. 4. Every HIV infected person below the age of 18 years has the right to reside in a shared household and enjoy the facilities of the household.
Which of the following statements are true in context of scheduled banks?
1. All banks which are included in the Second Schedule to the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 are Scheduled Banks.
2. These banks comprise Scheduled Commercial Banks and Scheduled Co-operative Banks.
3. Scheduled Commercial Banks in India are categorized into five different groups - SBI, Nationalised Banks, Regional Rural Banks, Foreign Banks and Other Indian Scheduled Commercial Banks in the private sector.
4. Scheduled Co-operative Banks consist of Scheduled State Co-operative Banks and Scheduled Urban Co-operative Banks.
A woman is considered to be in labor when she begins experiencing regular uterine contractions, accompanied by changes of her cervix – primarily effacement and dilation. While childbirth is widely experienced as painful, some women do report painless labors, while others find that concentrating on the birth helps to quicken labor and lessen the sensations. Most births are successful vaginal births, but sometimes complications arise and a woman may undergo a cesarean section. What inferences can be drawn from the above paragraph?
20 people visit three Scandinavian countries during vacation, namely Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Each person visits at least one place and 2 people visit all three places. 1, 2, 3 is the number of persons who visit both Sweden, Norway but not Denmark; Norway, Denmark but not Sweden; and Sweden, Denmark but not Norway respectively. 4 people visit only Sweden and 3 people visit only Denmark. So, what is the total number of persons who visit Norway?
In the following items each passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth sentence are given in the beginning as SI and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been removed and jumbled up. These are labelled P, Q, R and S. You are required to find out the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the Answer Sheet. SI : Good memory is so common that we regard a man who does not possess it as eccentric. S6 : She wheeled away the perambulator, picturing to herself his terror when he would come out and find the baby gone. P : I have heard of a father who, having offered to take the baby out in a perambulator, was tempted by the sunny morning to pause on his journey and slip into a public house for a glass of beer. Q : A little later, his wife had to do some shopping which took her past the public house where to her horror, she discovered her sleeping baby. R : Leaving the perambulator outside, he disappeared into the drink shop. S : Indignant at her husband’s behaviour, she decided to teach him a lesson. The proper sequence should be
A (a 25 year old man) was B's (a 23 year old woman) neighbour. He fell in love with her and wanted to ask her to enter into a relationship with him. He sent her a number of text messages proclaiming his love for her. She did not respond to his overtures. On November 18, 2013, A went to B's house and told her that he was in love with her, and wanted to marry her. She told him that she was not interested and asked him to leave. A believed that B was only playing hard to get, and if he persisted, she would change her mind. On November 25, 2013, when B was returning home from her workplace, A met her again and proclaimed his love for her again. She again told him that she was not interested, and threatened to complain to the police. In spite of this, a week later, when B was leaving for work, she noticed that A was waiting outside her house, with a bouquet of flowers, and he tried to give her the flowers. B ignored him once again, and went to the police station to complain about A's acts. Under what Section of the Indian Penal Code should the police register the FIR (First Information Report)
In the question, the first and last sentences of the passage are numbered 1 and 6. The rest of the passage is split into four parts and named P, Q, R, and S. These four parts are not given in their proper order. Read the sentence and find out which of the four combinations is correct. S1: A father having offered to take the baby out in a perambulator was tempted by the sunny morning to slip into a pub for a glass of beer. P: Indignant at her husband's behaviour, she decided to teach him a lesson. Q: She wheeled away from the pram. R: A little later, his wife came by, where to her horror, she discovered her sleeping baby. S: Leaving the pram outside, he disappeared inside the bar. S6: She waited for him, anticipating the white face and quivering lips that would soon appear with the news that the baby had been stolen. The Proper sequence should be:
Which one of the following sets is incorrect to show the inter-relationships among price elasticity coefficient, change in price and change in total revenue ? Price elasticity coefficient Change in price Change in Total Revenue 1) Zero Increase Decrease Increase Decrease (2) Less than 1 Increase Decrease Decrease Increase (3) Equal to 1 Increase Decrease No change No change (4) More than 1 Increase Decrease Decrease Increase