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Which of the following statements is/ are true ? A. The terms 'true' and 'false' apply to arguments. B. The terms 'true' and 'false' apply to statements. C. The terms 'valid' and 'invalid' apply to arguments. D. The terms 'cogent' and 'non-cogent' apply to statements. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Which of the following statements is/ are true ? A. The terms 'true' and 'false' apply to arguments. B. The terms 'true' and 'false' apply to statements. C. The terms 'valid' and 'invalid' apply to arguments. D. The terms 'cogent' and 'non-cogent' apply to statements. Choose the correct answer from the options given below: Correct Answer B and C only

In logic, an argument is a set of arguments that support a conclusion, which is sometimes stated in such a way that the conclusion is deduced from the premises.

Key Points

  • An argument is valid if and only if it is required that if all of the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. 
  • An invalid argument is one that is not true. We can check for invalidity by assuming that all of the premises are true and examining if the conclusion can still be untrue.
  • Arguments are subject to validity and invalidity. 
  • The phrase statement can be used to refer to either a coherent declarative utterance that is true or false or a proposition in logic.
  • the claim that a true or false declarative sentence.
  • Statements can be true or false.

​Therefore, The terms 'valid' and 'invalid' apply to arguments and the terms 'true' and 'false' apply to statements that are true. 

Additional Information

  •  valid arguments preserve truth.
  •  If all your premises are true and you make a valid argument from them, it must be the case that whatever conclusion you obtain is true. 

Related Questions

Consider the following statements.
1. All valid arguments contain only true premises and a true conclusion.
2. Some valid arguments contain only false propositions - false premises and a true conclusion.
3. All valid arguments contain only false propositions all premises are false, conclusion is false as well.
Which of the above statements is correct?
The question given below consists of a statement, followed by three arguments numbered I, II and III. You have to decide which of the arguments is/are ‘strong’ arguments and which is/are ‘weak’ arguments and accordingly choose your answer from the alternatives given below each question. Statement: A shortage of bank branches and ATMs across India’s hinterland is holding back Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s financial inclusion efforts and risks angering rural voters ahead of elections next year. After taking office in 2014, Modi set an ambitious target to open a bank account for every household to ensure welfare funds flow directly to India’s poor, while improving access to credit and insurance programs. He pushed policies that helped bring 310 million people into the formal banking system in just four years, according to the World Bank. Based on the arguments stated below and he information stated above, which of the following arguments state the reason for the problem, ‘But many of India’s villages still lack bank branches or ATMs to help service new customers, while the pace of building new financial infrastructure has actually slowed’.  Arguments: I. Because Modi’s government effectively forced poor citizens into the banking system by linking some welfare benefits to bank accounts, villagers have ended up stuck in long queues and struggling with ATMs that often run out of cash or break down.  II. With an election due next year, the mismatch between the government’s policies and the rural banking system is generating frustration among a key slice of India’s electorate. III. The banking system struggled to keep up, while some gains proved temporary. Nearly half of Indian bank accounts were inactive in 2017, meaning they weren’t used at all in the previous 12 months
Which of the following statements correctly apply to deductive arguments? A. Deductive arguments are either valid or invalid B. There must be a necessary relation between the premises and the conclusion C. Adding new premises improves the validity D. False premises may lead to a true conclusion Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
Consider the following statements
1. All valid arguments have only true premises.
2. A sound argument must be valid.
3. An argument with a false conclusion cannot be valid.
4. All arguments with true conclusion are valid.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The question given below consists of a statement, followed by three arguments numbered I, II and III. You have to decide which of the arguments is/are ‘strong’ arguments and which is/are ‘weak’ arguments and accordingly choose your answer from the alternatives given below each question. Statement: As a trade war looms, one of Chinese President Xi Jinping’s biggest weapons could be boycotts of American brands by his country’s legion of consumers. But Xi would also be risking collateral damage at home, The China operations of all-American brands ranging from Coca-Cola Co. and McDonald’s Corp. to Walt Disney Co. are co-owned by state-backed Chinese firms.  Which among the following arguments support the above statement in the best possible manner? Arguments: I. One of Coke’s main China partners is government-backed COFCO Corp., Shanghai Disneyland is part owned by a local consortium, and McDonald’s franchisee in the country is controlled by state-backed conglomerate Citic Ltd. and private-equity firm Citic Capital Holdings.  II. Even when Chinese companies don’t have direct ownership links with U.S. brands, boycotts or other non-tariff retaliation would hit the local partners of those American companies. III. The number of big clean wins in terms of striking against the other guy (American brands) - without accidentally punching your own guy (Chinese firms) in the face - is extremely large.
Consider the following statements.
1. All valid arguments have only true premises.
2. A sound argument must be valid.
3. An argument with a false conclusion can't be valid.
4. All arguments with true conclusion are valid.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
The question given below consists of a statement, followed by three arguments numbered I, II and III. You have to decide which of the arguments is/are ‘strong' arguments and which is/are ‘weak' arguments and accordingly choose your answer from the alternatives given below each question. Statement:  The central government has told the Supreme Court that anti-adultery laws were required to protect the ‘sanctity of marriage and the institution of family', and any attempt to do away with these laws would hurt ‘Indian ethos'. The government was responding to a court notice on a public interest litigation which wanted the law struck down as it was not gender neutral and the provisions were tilted against men. Which among the following arguments support the above statement regarding the ‘revision of such laws' in the best possible manner? Arguments: I. It seemed to suggest that women were chattel owned by men and could be guided and misguided. II. This would erode the sanctity of marriage as an institution and the societal fabric. The issue of making the provision gender neutral was already pending before the government. III. Any step towards decriminalising the offence in the interim would be detrimental to Indian ethos which gives paramount importance to the institution and sanctity of marriage.
The question given below consists of a statement, followed by three arguments numbered I, II and III. You have to decide which of the arguments is/are ‘strong’ arguments and which is/are ‘weak’ arguments and accordingly choose your answer from the alternatives given below each question. Statement: As part of an effort to address the rising cases of divorces in the country, China's Jiangsu province has introduced a voluntary 'divorce test' for couples planning to end their marriage. Couples who score above 60 may be able to save their marriage, the civil affairs bureau said. Around 34 lakh Chinese couples filed for divorce in 2017. Is this sort of a decision/ test legitimate? Arguments: I. Yes, it is a valid decision and will give couples a chance to save their relationship. II. No, if a couple has decided to end their relationship, such a test won’t be beneficial. III. Yes, there is no harm in giving the test, if they want to separate their ways they can. But there might be a ray of hope that they decide to rethink their decision.
The question given below consists of a statement, followed by three arguments numbered I, II and III. You have to decide which of the arguments is/are ‘strong’ arguments and which is/are ‘weak’ arguments and accordingly choose your answer from the alternatives given below each question. Statement: In the wake of globalization and digitization of the manner in which the business are conducted, the IT/ITES industry holds a significant place in the future business scenario. The Economic Survey 2017-18 mentioned that the IT/ITES services industry in India has scaled to around $140 billion during 2016-17. India today is globally the top outsourcing destination accounting for more than half of the market share. The IT/ITES industry has contributed around 7.7% of the country's GDP and according to IBEF is a key employment generator with a projection of creating 1.3-1.5 lakh new jobs annually. Which among the following arguments support the above statement in the best possible manner? Arguments: I. The Government has also provided considerable inputs to the industry with its various flagship programmes such as Digital India, Smart Cities, e-Governance coupled with a drive towards a cashless economy. II. The Government has been pro-active in considering demands of the industry and providing timely respite from the teething troubles under GST as well.  III. The IT/ITES industry is a labour intensive industry and a large scale employment generator. It is a common practice across the industry to provide various privileges and facilities to their staff in order to boost employee retention rates in their organisation.
The question given below consists of a statement, followed by three arguments numbered I, II and III. You have to decide which of the arguments is/are ‘strong’ arguments and which is/are ‘weak’ arguments and accordingly choose your answer from the alternatives given below each question. Statement: World’s largest beer maker Heineken NV, the majority partner of United Breweries with Vijay Mallya, is understood to have sought legal opinion over its right to appoint a chairman at the Indian company. Heineken and some of its advisers believe that the shareholder agreement between Mallya and the beer giant has become null and void after India’s Enforcement Directorate attached his shares as part of its legal action against the liquor baron. Which among the following arguments support the above statement in the best possible manner? Arguments: I. UBL has stopped sharing confidential information with Mallya and has said that he is no longer privy to any strategic developments.  II. The board of UBL, India’s biggest beer company, had asked Mallya to either step down or appoint a nominee after the Securities and Exchange Board of India barred wilful defaulters from holding key board positions last year.  III. The company is functioning well and operations are in good shape but it is not good corporate governance to have an acting chairman for so long.