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All animals with such and such features are either bisons or buffalos. This animal has those features and it is not a bison. Therefore it is a buffalo. According to Nyāya school this argument exemplifies which one of the following pramāṇas (instrument of knowledge)?

All animals with such and such features are either bisons or buffalos. This animal has those features and it is not a bison. Therefore it is a buffalo. According to Nyāya school this argument exemplifies which one of the following pramāṇas (instrument of knowledge)? Correct Answer <span style="">Upamāna (Comparison)</span>

The Nyaya school holds that there are four valid means of knowledge: perception (pratyaksha), inference (anumana), comparison (upamana), and sound, or testimony (shabda). Invalid knowledge involves memory, doubt, error, and hypothetical argument.

Key Points

  • Nyaya school is one of the six astika schools of Indian Philosophy.
  • This school's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were the systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, etc.
  • According to Nyaya's Philosophy, nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience (scientific approach). Nyaya is regarded as a logical thinking technique. 

Important Points

  • Upamana Pramana (Comparison):  It is a kind of knowledge we get by the assumption of similarity between the two different types of knowledge.
  • It is basically based on comparison and not just only perception and assumptions.
  • For example, a person who knows a four-legged animal that barks is called a dog. Therefore, when he goes to a jungle and see a similar-looking animal he can relate that it’s a wild dog that has also four leg and barks.
  • This knowledge is possible when there is an earlier similarity with a particular thing which helps the person to compare both the similar things.

Hence according to the Nyāya school, the given argument exemplifies Upamana Pramana (Comparison)

 Additional Information

  • Sabda (Verbal Testimony ): This is mainly through verbal indication. We get a lot of knowledge through verbal statements, symbols, texts, or words. 
    • A verbal statement must have a valid cause for its information to be true.
  • Arthpatti (Postulation): Arthapatti Pramana, we understand the knowledge which we get through the relation and its implications. It includes supposition, belief, and presumption.
    • We get this type of knowledge either from what we have seen or heard and by pure assumption.
  • Anumana (Inference): Here the knowledge is gained not through any sense organs but through anumana or assumption. We assume knowledge of what we don’t see from what we see.

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