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As the government guarantees the price of paper is worth the amount printed on it & promises to pay that amount to anybody who wishes to exchange these paper for the coins, so the monetary value of paper money is equivalent to coins. 

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Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below.The Italian banking system became the model for those North European nations that would achieve the greatest commercial success in the coming centuries, notably the Dutch, the English, and the Swedes. It was in Amsterdam, London and Stockholm that the next decisive wave of financial or innovation occurred, as the forerunners of modern central banks made their first appearance. The seventeenth century saw the foundation of three distinctly novel institutions that, in their differen in ways, were intended to serve a public as well as a private financial function. The Amsterdam Exchange Bank, i.e. the Wisselbank, was set up in 1609 to resolve the practical problems created for merchants by the circulation of multiple currencies in the United Provinces, where there were no fewer than fourteen different mints and copious quantities of foreign coins. By allowing merchants to set up accounts denominated in a standardized currency, the Exchange Bank pioneered the system of cheques and direct debits or transfers that we take for granted today. This allowed more and more commercial transactions to take place without the need for the sums involved to materialize in actual coins. Financial historians disagree as to how far the growth of banking after the seventeenth century can be credited with the acceleration of economic growth that began in Britain in the late eighteenth 20 5 century and then spread to Western Europe, North America and Australasia. But banks played a more important role in continental European industrialization than they did in England's.a) Where did the precursors of modern central banks make their first appearance? b) What practical problem was the Wisselbank required to resolve in its initial days?c) How did the Amsterdam Exchange Bank respond to the demand of the age? d) What are the points of disagreement among the financial historians with respect to growth of banking vis-a-vis growth of economy? e) Choose a suitable title for above composition.
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The idea of a crime against humanity and of war crimes in general can be understood in relation to the natural law and natural rights theories. Certain actions violate the natural value and dignity of persons, and all human beings should know this based upon a common moral sense, no matter what orders they receive. The important point here is that soldiers cannot be excused for criminal behavior by claiming that they are merely following orders. Principle IV of the Nuremberg Trials stipulates, "The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible to him." Moreover, Principle III of the tribunal stipulated that any superior authority and lead were not excused from persecution. The Nuremberg Trials are viewed as an important step in th development of war crimes tribunals and international law. Since Nuremberg, the inter nation community has worked to create a more impartial system for dealing with war crime and crime against humanity, including the development of an international criminal court in The Hague. (Translate into Bangla)
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Tsunamis are not as common as other whether related disasters, but they can cause significant damage. The word tsunami comes from a Japanese word meaning "long harbor wave'. Today, scientist use the term to define seismic sea waves generated by undersea earthquakes or undersea landslides and volcanic eruptions. Most tsunamis occur along the Ring of Fire, a wave of volcanic and earthquake activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean. The Haw Allan Islands and Alaska areas are common for this type of disaster. Tsunami waves have long lengths and travel very fast in deep water. Upon reaching the shore, the speed of the wave decrease, but the height increases dramatically causing massive damage to coastlines. The Tsunami Warning System has helped in warning people of these disasters, but more research and technology is needed to improve the predictions of this natural disaster. (Translate into Bangla)
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