Pleural fluid analysis
.
Pleural Fluid Analysis: What Is It and Why Do We Do It?
Pleural fluid analysis is an important medical diagnostic procedure used to determine the cause of a pleural effusion. It can provide vital clues as to what is causing the effusion, why it has occurred, how severe the condition is and what the appropriate treatment should be. In addition, pleural fluid analysis helps physicians answer other questions such as whether cancer is present in the pleural space, whether there is an infection or whether the accumulation of the fluid is due to a another medical condition.
What is Pleural Fluid?
Pleural fluid is a clear, straw-colored liquid that normally bathes the surfaces of the two pleural membranes that line the chest cavity. This fluid is believed to play an important role in maintaining the normal function and movement of the pleural surfaces, as well as reducing friction during breathing.
Preparation for Pleural Fluid Analysis
In order to assess the fluid quality and any abnormalities in the pleural space, the patient and the doctor must make sure that the patient is properly prepared for the procedure. In some cases, chest x-rays may be taken prior to the fluid collection to check for any abnormalities. Additionally, an imaging study, such as a CT scan or an MRI, may be performed to help the doctor locate the fluid within the pleural space. The patient is also usually placed in a particular position prior to the procedure, as this can help target the exact location of the fluid.
Procedure for Pleural Fluid Analysis
In order to collect the fluid, a doctor must perform a procedure known as “thoracentesis.” During this procedure a small needle is inserted into the pleural space through a small incision in the chest wall. Once the needle has been placed, a small sample of the fluid is aspirated through the needle into a syringe for analysis. Once the aspiration is complete, the needle is removed and a small bandage is usually placed over the incision. Additionally, in some cases a chest tube may be inserted into the pleural space in order to control the flow of fluid accumulation if the amount of fluid is excessive.
Types of Pleural Fluid Analysis
Pleural fluid analysis involves the examination of both the physical characteristics of the fluid including color, viscosity, and odor. Special tests may be done using the fluid sample to look for signs of infection, including the presence of bacteria or fungus. Additionally, the sample may be tested for biochemical characteristics, such as pH and the presence of glucose or protein. The sample can also be tested for the presence of cancer cells, which can be indicative of certain types of pleural cancers.
Risks of Pleural Fluid Analysis
The procedure itself involves the very minimal risk of pain or discomfort. Additionally, there is the potential risk of puncture of an adjoining organ or the heart, leading to the potential for bleeding or infection. Rarely, the needle may cause a tear in the membrane around the lung, leading to a pneumothorax or collapsed lung.
When to Do a Pleural Fluid Analysis?
A pleural fluid analysis may be indicated when a patient has a pleural effusion, a condition in which fluid accumulates in the pleural space. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, cancer, cardiovascular disease, or other medical conditions. Additionally, a pleural fluid analysis may be performed during certain medical procedures such as a thoracotomy or a thoracentesis.
