Pleural Fluid Analysis
What is Pleural Fluid Analysis?
Pleural fluid analysis is a medical procedure done to evaluate the fluid that surrounds the lungs within the chest cavity, called pleural fluid. It is an important diagnostic tool for diagnosing pleural disease such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and other lung health issues. The analysis can help diagnose infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic (cancerous) diseases.
Preparation
Before a pleural fluid analysis, the patient is usually asked to fast (not eat or drink anything) for at least 6 hours, and to refrain from smoking for 12 hours before the test. The patient may also be asked to wear loose-fitting clothing around the chest area.
Procedure
Pleural fluid analysis is a procedure that involves the collection of a small sample of fluid from the chest cavity. The fluid sample is then sent to a laboratory for testing. This procedure is generally performed as part of a diagnostic procedure when the doctor suspects problems with the lungs.
The procedure is generally performed using a needle inserted into the back or side of the chest wall, most often along the rib line. The patient may be asked to roll onto their side, sit up, or hold their breath during the procedure. Local anesthesia is used for the placement of the needle, and the patient will experience some discomfort as the needle is placed and the sample is taken.
Types of Pleural Fluid Analysis
- Gram Stain
- Bacterial cultures
- Cell count and differential
- Protein and LDH levels
- Glucose levels
- Cytology
- Radiological studies including ultrasound and CT scan
Risks and Complications
The risks associated with pleural fluid analysis are minimal. Complications are rare but may include bleeding, infection, or an allergic reaction to the local anesthetic used in the procedure. The patient should inform the doctor if they are allergic to any medication before the procedure is performed.
Why is Pleural Fluid Analysis Performed?
Pleural fluid analysis is used to diagnose various pulmonary conditions including infection, inflammation, neoplasia (cancerous tumors), and the presence of certain microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi. It can also assist in the diagnosis of pleural effusion, a condition in which excess fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity, compressing the lungs and causing breathing difficulties.
When is Pleural Fluid Analysis Performed?
Pleural fluid analysis may be recommended by a doctor if they suspect a patient has a lung infection or pleural effusion. It can also be used to monitor the progression of a patient’s condition if they have a chronic pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis.
