Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis
What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a test to examine the components of the fluid that bathes and cushions the brain and spinal cord. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the fluid produced and contained by the brain and spine. It helps to protect the brain and spinal cord and is also a way for the body to rid itself of waste products from the nervous system. By examining the CSF, doctors can look for certain substances that can help diagnose certain conditions, including infections, tumors, and bleeding in the brain.
Preparation
The patient must typically fast for 8 hours prior to this test, and do not consume any food or drink other than water during that time. It is also important to inform the doctor about all medications that the patient is taking.
Procedure
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is performed using a lumbar puncture (spinal tap). A thin needle is inserted between the lumbar vertebrae, into the space containing cerebrospinal fluid. Fluid is then collected in a special container and sent for laboratory examination.
Types
The main types of CSF analysis include:
- Total and differential cell count
- Protein content
- Glucose levels
- Cerebral spinal fluid culture
- Other substances in the CSF, such as antibody levels, hormones or traces of drugs
Risks
Lumbar puncture can cause bleeding, infection, nerve injury, or worsening of a herniated disc. Additional risks may include nausea, headache, and fainting. Allergic reactions to the anesthetic used for this procedure are rare, but they may occur.
Why is it Done?
CSF analysis is performed to diagnose conditions affecting the brain and spine, such as:
- Infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis
- Tumors of the brain or spine
- Bleeding in the brain
- Multiple sclerosis
- Diagnosis of an abnormally high or low pressure in the skull
When is it done?
A doctor may order this test if a patient exhibits signs and symptoms associated with the conditions listed above. Depending on the suspected condition, CSF analysis may be repeated as needed.
