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Active secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Understanding Active Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic condition that affects the brain and central nervous system. Its symptoms may range from numbness to paralysis and difficulty with cognitive and motor functioning. Active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is a form of MS that is more advanced than the relapsing remitting form of MS.

In active SPMS, the patient experiences an increase in neurological disability accompanied by new or worse symptoms, even if there has not been an active relapse. This type of MS is characterized by a significant decline in the patient’s ability to walk and perform daily activities. The patient's condition will continue to worsen without treatment and the patient can become dependent on a wheelchair.

Diagnosis and Symptoms of Active Secondary Progressive MS

Every case of active SPMS is unique and symptoms may vary from patient to patient. A physician may diagnose active SPMS if a patient progresses from relapsing remitting MS to secondary progressive MS while still having relapses. Symptoms of this form of MS may include:

  • Fatigue
  • Balance problems
  • Decreased coordination and mobility
  • Changes in vision
  • Bowel and bladder problems
  • Vertigo
  • Muscle weakness
  • Numbness and tingling sensations
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Speech and swallowing issues

Treatment Options

The goal of treatment for active SPMS is to alleviate symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. There is no cure for MS yet, so treatment is typically focused on symptom relief and improving a patient’s quality of life. Treatment options may include:

  • Medications such as interferon beta, glatiramer-acetate, and dimethyl fumarate.
  • Physical therapy to improve strength, balance, mobility, and coordination.
  • Occupational therapy to help patients regain independence and relearn everyday tasks.
  • Speech therapy to improve communication skills.
  • Psychology and social work support to deal with the psychological effects of MS.
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Related Questions

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below.The Italian banking system became the model for those North European nations that would achieve the greatest commercial success in the coming centuries, notably the Dutch, the English, and the Swedes. It was in Amsterdam, London and Stockholm that the next decisive wave of financial or innovation occurred, as the forerunners of modern central banks made their first appearance. The seventeenth century saw the foundation of three distinctly novel institutions that, in their differen in ways, were intended to serve a public as well as a private financial function. The Amsterdam Exchange Bank, i.e. the Wisselbank, was set up in 1609 to resolve the practical problems created for merchants by the circulation of multiple currencies in the United Provinces, where there were no fewer than fourteen different mints and copious quantities of foreign coins. By allowing merchants to set up accounts denominated in a standardized currency, the Exchange Bank pioneered the system of cheques and direct debits or transfers that we take for granted today. This allowed more and more commercial transactions to take place without the need for the sums involved to materialize in actual coins. Financial historians disagree as to how far the growth of banking after the seventeenth century can be credited with the acceleration of economic growth that began in Britain in the late eighteenth 20 5 century and then spread to Western Europe, North America and Australasia. But banks played a more important role in continental European industrialization than they did in England's.a) Where did the precursors of modern central banks make their first appearance? b) What practical problem was the Wisselbank required to resolve in its initial days?c) How did the Amsterdam Exchange Bank respond to the demand of the age? d) What are the points of disagreement among the financial historians with respect to growth of banking vis-a-vis growth of economy? e) Choose a suitable title for above composition.
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