Bissoy.com
Doctors Medicines MCQs Q&A

Sleep disorders and disturbances

Sleep Disorders and Disturbances

Sleep is a vital part of everyday life and can have a major impact on physical and mental health. Unfortunately, sleep disorders and disturbances are increasingly common and can greatly affect quality of life. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy.

Insomnia

Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders and is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or problems staying asleep. It is described as having inadequate or non-refreshing sleep, feeling un-rested despite having sufficient sleep time, experiencing difficulty concentrating, and having irritability and decreased performance. Causes of insomnia can be both physiological and psychological.

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep. Symptoms of sleep apnea include loud snoring, abrupt awakenings, daytime sleepiness, and headaches in the morning. There are three types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central sleep apnea, and complex sleep apnea. OSA is the most common form and is caused by a blockage of the airway. Treatment for sleep apnea includes lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and avoiding alcohol, and the use of a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine.

Restless Legs Syndrome

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder that causes a person to experience an irresistible urge to move their legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable sensations in the legs. RLS can occur at any age, but is more common in adults and older people, and can affect daily activities such as sleep. Treatment options include lifestyle changes such as drinking less caffeine and exercising regularly, as well as medications such as dopaminergic agents.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden periods of intense sleepiness, called “sleep attacks”. It can also cause episodes of cataplexy. Cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle tone which can cause the individual to collapse. Treatment for narcolepsy is typically done with medications such as stimulants, antidepressants, and anti-seizure medications. There is also a form of cognitive behavioral therapy called hypnotherapy that can be used to manage the symptoms associated with narcolepsy.

#Disease
6 views

Related Questions

Of all the amusements which can possible be imagined for a hard-working man, after his day’s toil, there is nothing like reading an entertaining book. It calls for no bodily exertion of which he has had enough. It relieves his home of its dullness. It transports him to lovelier and more interesting scenes; and while he enjoys these, he may forget the evils of the present moment. Nay, it accompanies him to his day’s work, and if the book he has been reading be anything above the very idlest and lightest, it gives him something to think about during the drudgery of his everyday occupation. If I were to pray for a taste which should stand me in good stead under every variety of circumstances and be a source of happiness and cheerfulness through life, it would be a taste for reading. Give a man this taste and the means of gratifying it, and you will never fail to make him happy, unless indeed you put into his hands the most perverse selection of books. You place him with the best society in every period of history, with the wisest, the wittiest, the tenders, the bravest and the purest characters which have adorned humanity. You make him a citizen of all nations, a contemporary of all ages. (Translate to Bangla)
1 Answers 5 Views
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below.The Italian banking system became the model for those North European nations that would achieve the greatest commercial success in the coming centuries, notably the Dutch, the English, and the Swedes. It was in Amsterdam, London and Stockholm that the next decisive wave of financial or innovation occurred, as the forerunners of modern central banks made their first appearance. The seventeenth century saw the foundation of three distinctly novel institutions that, in their differen in ways, were intended to serve a public as well as a private financial function. The Amsterdam Exchange Bank, i.e. the Wisselbank, was set up in 1609 to resolve the practical problems created for merchants by the circulation of multiple currencies in the United Provinces, where there were no fewer than fourteen different mints and copious quantities of foreign coins. By allowing merchants to set up accounts denominated in a standardized currency, the Exchange Bank pioneered the system of cheques and direct debits or transfers that we take for granted today. This allowed more and more commercial transactions to take place without the need for the sums involved to materialize in actual coins. Financial historians disagree as to how far the growth of banking after the seventeenth century can be credited with the acceleration of economic growth that began in Britain in the late eighteenth 20 5 century and then spread to Western Europe, North America and Australasia. But banks played a more important role in continental European industrialization than they did in England's.a) Where did the precursors of modern central banks make their first appearance? b) What practical problem was the Wisselbank required to resolve in its initial days?c) How did the Amsterdam Exchange Bank respond to the demand of the age? d) What are the points of disagreement among the financial historians with respect to growth of banking vis-a-vis growth of economy? e) Choose a suitable title for above composition.
1 Answers 5 Views
Write a precis of the following paragraph and provide a title:The stated intention of most regulators is to maintain stability within the financial services sector, thereby protecting the consumers whom banks serve and the 'real' economy which the industry supports. Every shock to the financial system must result in casualties. Left to itself, natural selection should work fast to eliminate the weakest institution in the market, which typically are gobbled up by the successful. But most crises also usher in new rules and regulations, as legislators and regulators rush to stabilize the financial system and to protect consumers who are also voters. The critical point is that the possibility of extinction cannot and should not be removed by excessively precautionary rules. As Joseph Schumpeter wrote more than seventy years ago, 'This economic system cannot do without the ultima ratio of the complete destruction of those existences which are irretrievably associated with the hopelessly unadapted.' This meant, in his view, nothing less than the disappearance of 'those firms which are unfit to live'. It remains to be seen whether the extraordinary measures taken by Western governments since September 2008 will have the desired effect of preventing complete breakdown of the financial system or whether they will in fact end up impeding the process of financial evolution.
1 Answers 5 Views