Metastatic Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer
Metastatic Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer Overview
Metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (mHRPC) is an advanced form of prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones, organs, and lymph nodes. It is called “hormone refractory” because it is no longer responsive to hormone therapies, including androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). mHRPC is an aggressive and rapidly progressing form of prostate cancer, and it carries a poor prognosis. Prognosis is improved when mHRPC is diagnosed early and treated aggressively. Treatment for mHRPC usually involves chemotherapy and targeted therapies.
Signs and Symptoms of mHRPC
Metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer usually does not cause any symptoms in its early stages. As the disease progresses, it may cause the following signs and symptoms:
- Bone pain
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Difficulty urinating
- Edema (swelling) in the legs or feet
- Impotence
Risk Factors for mHRPC
The most important risk factor for mHRPC is a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Other risk factors include the following:
- Advancing age
- Family history of prostate cancer
- History of contact with certain chemicals, including Agent Orange
- Obesity
- African-American ethnicity
Diagnosis and Staging of mHRPC
Diagnosis of mHRPC is based on a thorough physical examination, as well as on the results of laboratory tests and imaging studies. These tests may include a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, a biopsy, an x-ray, or a CT scan. If the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, the doctor may also order a bone scan. Once the cancer is diagnosed, doctors will stage the disease according to its extent.
Treatment of mHRPC
Treatment of mHRPC usually involves chemotherapy and targeted therapies, such as abiraterone acetate (Zytiga) and enzalutamide (Xtandi). Radiation therapy may also be used to reduce pain caused by bone metastases. Surgery may be used to remove a tumor or to relieve pressure on nerves or other structures.
Prevention of mHRPC
Prevention of mHRPC is focused on early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Regular screening for prostate cancer can help detect the disease in its early stages and increase the chances of successful treatment. Patients should also maintain a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a healthy diet. This can help lower the risk of developing mHRPC.
