Leptomeningeal Metastases
What Is Leptomeningeal Metastases?
Leptomeningeal Metastases (LMs) is a neurological condition caused by cancer cells that have spread to the leptomeninges—the protective layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. These cancer cells can cause tumor-like masses in the membranes and put pressure on the brain or spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms.
LM is a rare but serious complication of cancer. It occurs when cancer cells that have spread throughout the body lodge in the leptomeninges. It can occur with many types of cancer, but is most commonly seen in people with breast, lung, or blood cancer. In some cases, the primary tumor may be in the brain or spine.
Symptoms of Leptomeningeal Metastases
The symptoms of LM vary depending on where the cancer cells have spread in the leptomeninges. Common symptoms may include:
- Neck stiffness
- Headache
- Weakness or numbness on one side of the body
- Seizures
- Confusion or difficulty concentrating
- Vision changes
- Memory loss
- Hearing loss
- Balance problems
- Difficulty walking
Other symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, difficulty speaking, difficulty swallowing, and an increased level of fatigue.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Leptomeningeal Metastases
LM is typically diagnosed using an MRI scan. This scan can identify any abnormalities or tumors in the leptomeninges. A spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture, may also be used to confirm the diagnosis. In this procedure, a small sample of spinal fluid is withdrawn and examined for cancer cells.
Once the diagnosis of LM is made, the treatment options depend on the type of cancer that is causing the condition. Radiation therapy is sometimes used to reduce the size of the tumor, but chemotherapy is the primary form of treatment for LM. Certain medications, such as Gliadel, may also be used to treat the condition.
Prevention of Leptomeningeal Metastases
Unfortunately, there is no known way to prevent the development of LM. However, it is important to receive regular medical check-ups and to promptly seek medical attention if any unusual or persistent symptoms develop.
