Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis: Symptoms and Treatment of Valley Fever

Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever, is a fungal infection caused by the inhalation of spores from the Coccidioides fungus. Valley Fever is most commonly found in dry, low-lying regions in the Southwestern US including Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Texas. Valley Fever is typically a mild, self-limited illness; however, in some individuals it can become severe and cause lifelong disabilities.

Signs and Symptoms

In a mild case of Valley Fever, individuals may experience cold-like symptoms such as fever, chills, body aches, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and cough. In more severe cases, the infection may spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs, bones, and skin. These individuals may experience weight loss, joint pain, and skin lesions. Moreover, individuals with severe cases may develop meningitis, which may cause confusion, visual disturbances, and seizures.

Diagnosis

Valley Fever is typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms and tests. A chest X-ray may be ordered to look for evidence of the disease in the lungs, while blood tests may be used to detect the presence of antibodies to the fungus. Additionally, a tissue biopsy may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Most cases of Valley Fever do not require treatment and are expected to resolve on their own. For individuals with a mild case of the illness, treatment consists of rest and hydration. More severe cases require anti-fungal medications, such as fluconazole or itraconazole. Additionally, corticosteroids are sometimes used to reduce inflammation.

Prevention

There is no effective vaccine for Valley Fever and the only way to prevent its spread is to avoid areas that are known to be highly endemic for the disease. Wearing a face mask, long sleeves, and pants can also help reduce the risk of inhalation of the spores.

Conclusion

Valley Fever is a fungal infection that is most commonly found in the Southwestern United States. In most cases, it is a mild, self-limited illness; however, it can become severe and cause lifelong disabilities in some individuals. Treatment of the illness typically consists of rest, hydration, and anti-fungal medications. Prevention of the disease is difficult, but individuals are encouraged to avoid known endemic areas and wear protective clothing when in these regions.