Write the important characteristics of gymnosperms with respect to following points: 1. Vascular tissues  2. Roots  3. Spores  4. Leaves

1. Vascular tissues: They are vascular plants having xylem with tracheids and phloem with sieve cells.

2. Roots: The root system is tap root type. In some gymnosperms, the roots form symbiotic association with other life forms. Coralloid roots of Cycas show association with blue green algae and roots of Pinus show association with endophytic fungi called mycorrhizae.

3. Spores: Spores are produced by microsporophyll (Male) and megasporophyll (Female).

4. Leaves: The leaves are dimorphic. The foliage leaves are green, simple needle like or pinnately compound, whereas scale leaves are small, membranous and brown.