The rupture and fractionation do not usually occur in the usually occur in the water column in vassel / tracheids during the ascent of sap because of

Correct option  (b) Cohesion and adhesion

Explanation :

The vertical conduction of water from from root to aerial parts of plants is called ascent of sap. The water molecules remain joined to each other due to a force of attraction called cohesion force. This attraction is due to the presence of hydrogen bonds between. 

The magnitude of this force is very high therefore, continuous water column in the xylem cannot be broken easily   due to the force of gravity or other obstruction offered  by internal tissues in the upward movement of water. This adhesive property of water i.e., attraction between the water molecules and the walls of xylem also ensures the continuity of water column in xylem.