Explain with the help of two examples how certain plants have evolved morphological and chemical defenses against primary consumers such as cows and goats.

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1 Answers

- Plants produce & store chemicals that make herbivore sick when they are eaten inhibit feeding or digestion and disrupt its reproduction or even kill it 
- Calotropis produces highly poisonous cardiac glycosides so cows and goats can never browse on these plants / Chemical substances like nicotine / caffeine / defences / strychnine / opium are actually defences against grazers & browsers

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