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(a) Diffusion and Osmosis
(b) Transpiration and Evaporation
(c) Osmotic Pressure and Osmotic Potential
(d) Imbibition and Diffusion
(e) Apoplast and Symplast pathways of movement of water in plants.
(f) Guttation and Transpiration.

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4 Answers

(a) Diffusion and osmosis

Diffusion

Osmosis

1.

Diffusion is the passive

1.

Osmosis is the process in which

movement of particles, ions, and molecules along the concentration gradient.

the diffusion of a solvent (water) occurs across a semi-permeable membrane.

2.

It can occur in solids, liquids, and gases.

2.

It occurs in the liquid medium.

3.

It does not require a semipermeable membrane.

3.

It requires a semi-permeable membrane.

(b) Transpiration and evaporation

Transpiration

Evaporation

1.

It occurs in plants.

1.

It occurs from any free surface and involves living and non-living surfaces.

2.

It is a physiological process.

2.

It is a physical process.

3.

It occurs mainly through the stomatal pores on plant leaves.

3.

It is occurs through any free surface.

4.

It is controlled by environmental factors as well as physiological factors of plants such as root-shoot ratio and number of stomata.

4.

It is entirely driven by environmental factors.

(c) Osmotic pressure and osmotic potential

Osmotic pressure

Osmotic potential

1.

It is expressed in bars with a positive sign.

1.

It is expressed in bars with a negative sign.

2.

It is a positive pressure.

2.

It is a negative pressure.

3.

Its value increases with an increase in the concentration of solute particles.

3.

Its value decreases with an increase in the concentration of solute particles.

(d) Imbibition and diffusion

Imbibition

Diffusion

1.

Imbibition is a special type of diffusion. In this process, water is absorbed by solids and colloids, causing an enormous increase in volume.

1.

Diffusion is the passive movement of particles, ions, and molecules along the concentration gradient.

2.

It usually involves water.

2.

It involves solids, liquids, and gases.

(e) Apoplast and symplast pathways of movement of water in plants

Apoplast pathway

Symplast pathway

1.

The apoplast pathway involves the movement of water through the adjacent cell walls of the epidermis and cortex. The movement of water is restricted at the casparian strips of the root endodermis.

1.

The symplast pathway involves the movement of water through the interconnected protoplasts of the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and root pericycle.

2.

It is a faster process of water movement and water moves through mass flow.

2.

It is a slower process of water movement.

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1. Sight and Issuance Draft

Basis of difference sight draft issuance draft
when documents are handed over Documents are handed over to the importer once he or she agrees to sing the draft. Documents are handed over to the importer after the acceptace of the bill of exchange.
payment payment is made at the time of issuing the draft. payment is made on the expiry of a specified period.

2. Bill of Lading and Airway Bill

Basis of difference  Bill of lading Airway Bill
who issues issued by shipping companices issued buy airline companies 
Transportation  Good are sent by ship Goods are sent by air

3. Pre-shipment Finance and Post-Shipment Finance

Basis of difference  Pre-shipment Finance post -shipment finance
Time of credit credit is obtained before the shipment of good. credit is obtained after the shipmet of goods.
use used for purchasing raw materials to under take production activities, packaging of goods and transporting goods to the ports of shipment  used for financing actvities from the date of receiving credit till payment is received from the importer

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Plasmolysis Deplasmolysis
1. It refers to the shrinkage of the cytoplasm and withdrawal of the plasma membrane from the cell wall caused due to the withdrawal of water when placed in a hypertonic solution. 2. In Plasmolysis, the cell becomes flaccid. 1. Deplasmolysis is the recovery of a plasmolysed cell when it is placed in water, wherein the cell's protoplasm again swells up due to the re-entry of water. 2. In deplasmolysis, the cell becomes turgid.
Turgor pressure Wall pressure
Turgor pressure is the pressure of the cell contents on the cell wall. Wall pressure is the pressure exerted by the cell wall on the cell content
Guttation Bleeding
Guttation is the process by which drops of water appear along leaf margins due to excessive root pressure. Bleeding is the loss of cell sap through a cut stem.
Turgidity Flaccidity
1. It is the state of a cell in which the cell cannot accommodate any more water and it is fully distended. 1. It is the condition in which the cell content is shrunken and the cell is not tight.

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(i) Compiler and Interpreter: These are two types of language translators. A compiler converts the source program (user-written program) into an object code (machine language by checking the entire program before execution. If the program is error free, object program is created and loaded into memory for execution. A compiler produces an error list of the program in one go and all have to be taken care even before the execution of first statement begin. It takes less time for execution.

An interpreter is also a language translator that translates and executes statements in the program one by one. It work on one statement at a time and if error free, executes the instruction before going to second instruction. Debugging is simpler in interpreter as it is done in stages. An interpreter takes more time for execution of a program as compared to a compiler.

(ii) Unit testing and integration testing:

Unit testing focuses on the smallest element of software design viz. the module. Unit test is conducted on each of the modules to uncover errors within the boundary of the module. It becomes simple when a module is designed to perform only one function. Unit testing makes heavy use of white-box testing.

Integration testing is a systematic approach for constructing program structure while conducting tests to uncover errors associated with interfacing. There are likely to be interfacing problems, such as data mismatch between the modules. In Incremental integration the program is constructed and tested in small segments. We have two types of integration testing: -Top-Down Integration testing -Bottom-Up Integration testing

(iii) Syntax errors and logical errors:

Syntax errors also known as compilation errors are caused by violation of the grammar rules of the language. The compiler detects, isolate these errors and give terminate the source program after listing the errors.

Logical errors: These are the errors related with the logic of the program execution. These errors are not detected by the compiler and are primarily due to a poor understanding of the problem or a lack of clarity of hierarchy of operators. Such errors cause incorrect result.  

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